If you want to know more about what Atatürk's reforms did (and didn't) do to the language, there's no better source in English than Geoffrey Lewis' The Turkish language reform : a catastrophic success. I highly recommend it.
Sadly, I don't know a good comprehensive source for Turkish loans to Balkan languages. Instead, I rely on dedicated etymological dictionaries of each one, which is tedious. For instance, if you search these words in Wiktionary, you'll find that the etymon is actually Persian (although clearly Ottoman Turkish was the vehicle by which this reached southeastern Europe). Oh, and to add to your list, there's Romanian geantă.
There are many words of Arabic and Persian origin still alive and kicking in Turkish.
Dukhan comes from Arabic, where it means "smoke" and (in some dialects) "tobacco," but not "smoking." So the semantic change must be Ottoman, Turkish, or Albanian (or something in between).
As our ostad (there's another one) muckefuck says, you do have to check on a case-by-case basis.
tobacco is dohány in Hungarian and duhan in Serbian. I'm not sure if we picked the word up while we were occupied by the Turks or if we got it from our slavic neighbours to the south (who did get it from the Turks)
orange is portokal in Macedonian as well.
not being able to speak turkish or arabic myself, i'd need more examples to produce more words. (there's no word like csanta in Hungarian for bag, alas. we have zsák, zacskó, and szatyor)
wikipedia had a few hungarian words we have from turkish:
old turkish: kicsi - small (cs is like ch in english) alma - apple sárga - yellow (s is like sh in english) iker - twin betű - letter bika - ram borjú - calf disznó - pig (sz is like s in english) búza - wheat árpa - barley
modern turkish: kalauz - pirate zseb - pocket (zs is like slavic ž) papucs - slipper kávé - coffee pite - pie
The word for 'orange' is the same in Greek (and a number of other languages): it appears to go back to the sweet orange having been introduced to Europe by the Portuguese.
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Sadly, I don't know a good comprehensive source for Turkish loans to Balkan languages. Instead, I rely on dedicated etymological dictionaries of each one, which is tedious. For instance, if you search these words in Wiktionary, you'll find that the etymon is actually Persian (although clearly Ottoman Turkish was the vehicle by which this reached southeastern Europe). Oh, and to add to your list, there's Romanian geantă.
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There are many words of Arabic and Persian origin still alive and kicking in Turkish.
Dukhan comes from Arabic, where it means "smoke" and (in some dialects) "tobacco," but not "smoking." So the semantic change must be Ottoman, Turkish, or Albanian (or something in between).
As our ostad (there's another one) muckefuck says, you do have to check on a case-by-case basis.
Reply
orange is portokal in Macedonian as well.
not being able to speak turkish or arabic myself, i'd need more examples to produce more words. (there's no word like csanta in Hungarian for bag, alas. we have zsák, zacskó, and szatyor)
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old turkish:
kicsi - small (cs is like ch in english)
alma - apple
sárga - yellow (s is like sh in english)
iker - twin
betű - letter
bika - ram
borjú - calf
disznó - pig (sz is like s in english)
búza - wheat
árpa - barley
modern turkish:
kalauz - pirate
zseb - pocket (zs is like slavic ž)
papucs - slipper
kávé - coffee
pite - pie
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Wiktionary also has quite a few: You can click on them for English definitions.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Hungarian_terms_derived_from_Turkic_languages
and this page has some more, but it's all in Hungarian http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_j%C3%B6vev%C3%A9nyszavak_a_magyar_nyelvben
The italic words are the loan words. I don't know the English translation for about half of those, though
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