Референдум в Каталонии: Декларация независимости Каталонии
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Те, кто делают революцию наполовину, роют себе могилу.
Антуан Сен-Жюст.
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"Мы представляем Каталонскую Республику как независимое и суверенное государство, правовое, демократическое и социальное".
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155601.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Решающий день?.
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Вот полный текст декларации
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DECLARATION OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF CATALONIA
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To the people of Catalonia and all the peoples of the world.
The bases of the constitution of the Catalan Republic are justice and intrinsic individual and collective human rights, being irrenunciable foundations which give meaning to the historical legitimacy and the legal and institutional traditions of Catalonia.
The Catalan nation, its language and its culture have a thousand years of history. For centuries, Catalonia has been endowed with and enjoyed its own institutions that have fully exercised self-government, with the Generalitat as the greatest expression of the historic rights of Catalonia. During periods of freedom, Parliamentarism has been the pedestal upon which these institutions have been based, channeled through the Catalan Parliaments and crystalized in the Constitutions of Catalonia.
Having been lost and longed for, today Catalonia restores its full sovereignty after decades of honestly and loyally seeking institutional coexistence with the people of the Iberian Peninsula.
Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, Catalan politics has played a key role with an exemplary, loyal and democratic attitude towards Spain, with a deep sentiment of being part of the State.
The Spanish State has responded to this loyalty with the denial of the recognition of Catalonia as a nation; and has granted limited autonomy, more administrative than political, and in the process of re-centralization; excercising a profoundly unjust economic treatment in addition to linguistic and cultural discrimination.
The Statute of Autonomy, approved by the Catalan Parliament, the Spanish Parliament, and the Catalan citizenry in a referendum, was to be the new stable and lasting framework for bilateral relations between Catalonia and Spain. But it was a political agreement broken by the ruling of the Constitutional Court, engendering new grievances among citizens.
Channeling the demands of a large majority of citizens of Catalonia; the Parliament, the Government and civil society have repeatedly called for the holding of a referendum on self-determination.
Upon finding that the institutions of the State have rejected any negotiation, they have violated the principles of democracy and autonomy, and have ignored the legal mechanisms available in the Constitution. The Generalitat of Catalunya has therefore called for a referendum to exercise the right to self-determination recognized under international law.
The organization and holding of the referendum led to the suspension of self-government in Catalonia and the de facto application of a state of emergency.
The brutal police operation of a military nature and style orchestrated by the Spanish state against Catalan citizens has repeatedly and severely violated their civil and political liberties and principles of Human Rights, and has contravened international agreements signed and ratified by the Spanish state.
Thousands of people have been investigated, detained, tried, questioned and threatened with harsh prison sentences, including hundreds of elected and institutional officials and professionals linked to the the sectors of communications, administration, and civil society.
Spanish institutions, which should remain neutral, protect fundamental rights and arbitrate political conflict, have become part and instrument of these attacks and have left the citizens of Catalonia unprotected.
In spite of the violence and the repression to try to prevent a democratic and peaceful process, the citizens of Catalonia have voted mostly in favor of the constitution of the Catalan Republic.
The constitution of the Catalan Republic is based on the need to protect the freedom, security, and coexistence of all citizens of Catalonia, and to move towards a state based on the rule of law and a democracy of greater quality, and respond to the Spanish State impeding the enforcement of the right to self-determination of peoples.
The people of Catalonia are lovers of law, and respect for the law is and will be a cornerstone of the Republic. The Catalan state will meet and legally comply with all the provisions that make up this declaration and ensure that the legal security and maintenance of the subscribed agreements will be part of the founding spirit of the Catalan Republic.
The constitution of the Republic is a hand extended to dialogue. In honor of the Catalan tradition of the pact, we maintain our commitment to agreements as a way of resolving political conflicts. At the same time, we reaffirm our fraternity and solidarity with the rest of the people of the world and, especially, those with whom we share the language and culture and the Euro-Mediterranean region in defense of individual and collective freedoms.
The Catalan Republic is an opportunity to correct the current democratic and social deficits and build a society which is more prosperous, fairer, more secure, more sustainable and with more solidarity.
By virtue of all that has just been presented, WE, the democratic representatives of the people of Catalonia, in the free exercise of the right of self-determination, and in accordance with the mandate received from the citizens of Catalonia:
CONSTITUTE the Catalan Republic, as an independent and sovereign State based on law, democracy, and social welfare.
ENTER into force the Llei de transitorietat jurídica i fundacional de la República.
INITIATE the constituent process which shall be democratic, citizen-based, transversal, participatory and binding.
AFFIRM the desire to open negotiations with Spain without any preconditions, aimed at establishing a collaborative system for the benefit of both parties. The negotiations shall necessarily be on an equal basis.
INFORM the international community and the authorities of the European Union of the constitution of the Catalan Republic and the proposal for negotiations with Spain.
URGE the international community and the European Union authorities to intervene to stop the continued violation of civil and political rights, and to monitor and oversee the negotiation process with the Spanish State.
EXPRESS the desire to build a European project that reinforces the social and democratic rights of citizens, as well as commiting to continue to apply without the solution of continuity and in a unilateral manner the norms of the legal orders of the European Union, the Spanish State, and the Catalan autonomy that transpose this norm.
AFFIRM that Catalonia has the unequivocal desire to integrate into the international community as quickly as possible. The new State agrees to respect the international obligations that are currently applied in its territory and continue to adhere to the international treaties to which the Kingdom of Spain is signator.
APPEAL to all States and international organizations to recognize the Catalan Republic as an independent and sovereign State.
URGE the Government of the Generalitat to adopt the measures necessary to fully enact this Declaration of independence and the provisions of the Llei de transitorietat jurídica i fundacional de la República.
CALL on all and each of the citizens of the Catalan Republic to make us worthy of the freedom that we have granted ourselves and to build a State that translates collective aspirations into action and conduct.
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The legitimate representatives of the people of Catalonia:
Barcelona, October 10, 2017.
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Jordi Graupera
Princeton.
Sunday, October 8, 2017
Of all possible scenarios, the worst part is a Half Declaration of Independence: it is the worst of the two worlds. Give the State the argument to intervene and apply the Criminal Code and repression, but does not offer the Generalitat instruments to give instructions with legal coverage and leave people and institutions unprotected. If the Declaration is not made, it is better to explain the truth as it would be seen by the representatives: it can not be because the Army will come. In this case, the fear is explicit and it becomes clear what is the situation of the country, that people have the right to know. This will not stop the intervention or repression, but at least we will have clear information about what the representatives think, what are our institutions and how the people from above see, as Machiavelli said..
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Puigdemont stops the clock
José Antich
Barcelona. Wednesday, 11 October 2017
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At the very end of the long journey towards the independence of Catalonia, its president, Carles Puigdemont, has stopped the clock and given himself a period, probably short, to negotiate. Certainly, it's not the easiest thing for the Catalan government to explain, nor is it what part of the independence movement which wanted an immediate declaration of independence after the results of the 1st October referendum was hoping for. But neither is it the most comfortable thing for the Spanish government and for Mariano Rajoy since the application of article 155 of the Spanish Constitution (the formal suspension of autonomy) which they've had ready for months is a little more difficult to explain abroad and to activate with the formal vote for dialogue in the way and the call for international mediation. With the clock stopped, the Catalan government should activate contacts with the PP (Popular Party) government and the formulae put on the table by the different international mediators in recent hours. That is, at least in theory, as it's not at all clear that Puigdemont's gesture has a counterpart in Madrid, as deputy PM Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría suggested in a brief statement in which, beyond the usual tough language, she added nothing.
Puigdemont's move could be risky in the complicated map of Catalan politics, where any sidestep is either a definitive success or failure, but could end up proving a wise choice in terms of preserving the support of international public opinion. A thousand journalists were accredited by the Catalan Parliament for the occasion, beyond those with standing passes. Almost two hundred international media outlets, some of whom broadcast his speech live. This is doubtlessly a lot and they are also going to be guarantors of the Catalan government's offer and attentive followers of the response from the Spanish government which has in its court an uncomfortable ball and which shouldn't do as on other occasions: destroy it and prevent the match from being played. The time is for sitting down and the European authorities who have asked Puigdemont for a gesture now have it. Now is the time to talk. And also to ask Rajoy to move in the same direction.
"Will it achieve anything?" wondered a group of young people with little happiness on their faces leaving the pro-independence rally on passeig Lluís Companys. It should achieve something. In any other country like ours it would achieve something. The parliamentary session yesterday afternoon had three critical moments. The first, when Puigdemont solemnly declared that he took on the mandate from the people on 1st October for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic. It was the most emotional moment as the memories flashed past of the difficulties to be able to vote on that day of enormous democratic dignity. The second, when he said that he was suspending the effects to open a dialogue for a negotiated solution. The Catalan government was listening to him from the front row of the Parliament, serious and constrained. The moment wasn't comfortable. And the third when the JxSí (Together for Yes) and CUP (Popular Unity Candidacy) deputies signed the declaration of independence in the chamber's auditorium.
The speed with which everything happened removed from the debate a few key words from the president's speech which referred to a suspension of the effects of the declaration of independence. What did he mean, exactly? Let's turn to the news agency Reuters: the independence of Catalonia has been declared by Puigdemont and its effects suspended in the interest of negotiation.
One of the peculiarities of Catalan politics is that it never advances in great leaps, but in very measured steps. This Tuesday is a clear example. The most positive thing is that nobody from the parliamentary spectrum that supported the 1st October referendum was lost along the way. The majority remains greater than the of strict pro-independence world. For the times coming it's better like that. To drive negotiations too. The ball is moving again and now enter new actors, above all Europe. The Catalan process is more international than ever, and that doesn't harm Catalan interests.
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11 октября 2017
Каталонии дается пять дней, чтобы прояснить ситуацию с независимостью
Власти Каталонии должны в течение пяти дней прояснить, что означает декларация независимости, подписанная во вторник вечером региональными властями. Председатель правительства Испании Мариано Рахой заявил, что кабинет просит "прояснить, была ли объявлена независимость".
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Правительство Испании потребовало от властей Каталонии до понедельника прояснить, что означает их декларация независимости, и отозвать ее до четверга, 19 октября, если независимость в декларации была действительно провозглашена. Правительство Каталонии пообещало дать ответ в указанный срок. В противном случае, будет введена в действие статья 155 Конституции Испании.
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Статья 155
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1. Если автономное Сообщество не выполняет обязательства , предусмотренные Конституцией или другими законами, либо его действия наносят серьезный ущерб общегосударственным интересам Испании, Правительство предупреждает председателя автономного Сообщества. Если ответа с его стороны не последует, Правительство может, с согласия абсолютного большинства Сената, принять необходимые меры для выполнения автономным Сообществом указанных обязательств в принудительном порядке, либо для защиты упомянутых общегосударственных интересов.
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2. В осуществлении мер, предусмотренных в предыдущем пункте, Правительство может давать соответствующие распоряжения любым властям автономных Сообществ..
Кроме того, сообщается что испанские политики, в принципе, договорились о реформе Конституции Испании: "Spanish prime minister Mariano Rajoy and opposition leader Pedro Sánchez agreed to put constitutional reform on the table. Rajoy and Sánchez had agreed that there should be a commission to examine the possibility of changing the way the country’s autonomous regions are governed through constitutional reform."
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Собственно говоря, ответ из Барселоны не слишком нужен. Речь Пучдемона и "Декларация" опубликованы и в Мадриде есть испанские юристы, которые сами могут определять есть в тексте "независимость" или нет и трактовать текст. Так что это простая формальность.
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Пучдемон, 11 октября 2017: " Мы просим о диалоге, а они выкладывают на стол 155-ю статью. Понятно."
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"Декларация независимости" Каталонии ("Декларация представителей Каталонии") - это скорее торжественный, а не юридический документ, видимо частично навеянный "Декларацией независимости" США (1776) - он аналогично содержит в начале "разъяснения причин, побудивших к такому отделению", перечисление обид и ущемлений. Затем следует заявление о начале процесса отделения Каталонии, желательно в сотрудничестве с Испанией, и просьба к мировому сообществу оказать в этом содействие. За "Декларацией", вероятно, должен последовать соответствующий акт парламента Каталонии об об'явлении независимости.
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Возьмем, например, провозглашение независимости Украины - за "Декларацией о государственном суверенитете Украины" (1990) последовал "Акт провозглашения независимости Украины" (1991)
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- продолжая тысячелетнюю традицию государственного строительства в Украине,
- исходя из права на самоопределение, предусмотренного Уставом ООН и другими международно-правовыми документами,
- осуществляя Декларацию о государственном суверенитете Украины,
Верховный Совет Украинской Советской Социалистической Республики торжественно ПРОВОЗГЛАШАЕТ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ УКРАИНЫ и создание самостоятельного украинского государства - УКРАИНЫ.
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Настоящий акт вступает в силу с момента его одобрения.”.
Американцы в 1776 году обошлись одной "Декларацию независимости", сразу записав в ней
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"... торжественно записываем и заявляем, что эти соединенные колонии являются и по праву должны быть свободными и независимыми штатами, что они освобождаются от всякой зависимости по отношению к британской короне и что все политические связи между ними и Британским государством должны быть полностью разорваны, что в качестве свободных и независимых штатов они полномочны объявлять войну, заключать мирные договоры, вступать в союзы, вести торговлю, совершать любые другие действия и все то, на что имеет право независимое государство.".
Если же мы возьмем за образец процесс приобретения независимости Украиной, то он состоял из трех этапов:
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"Декларация о государственном суверенитете Украины"
"Акт провозглашения независимости Украины"
Референдум о независимости Украины
(Референдум был объявлен 24 августа 1991 года вместе с Актом провозглашения независимости Украины и проведен 1 декабря 1991 года)
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Каталония уже прошла два этапа - референдум и "Декларацию независимости" ("Декларация представителей Каталонии”), и для окончательного провозглашения независимости, которую формально об’явил Пучдемон 10 октября 2017 года, осталось принять акт парламента Каталонии примерно такого свойства
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"Акт провозглашения независимости Каталонии
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...
- продолжая тысячелетнюю традицию государственного строительства в Каталонии,
- исходя из права на самоопределение, предусмотренного Уставом ООН и другими международно-правовыми документами,
- осуществляя “Декларацию представителей Каталонии”,
Парламент Каталонии торжественно ПРОВОЗГЛАШАЕТ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ КАТАЛОНИИ и создание самостоятельного каталонского государства - РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАТАЛОНИИ.
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Настоящий акт вступает в силу с момента его одобрения.”
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Парламент Каталонии может принять такой акт в любой момент - как было заявлено, это будет сделано немедленно в случае упразднения или приостановления автономии Каталонии испанским правительством.
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Пусть после этого Каталония и не получит немедленно реальную независимость (а, возможно, и никогда), но, с точки зрения международного права, это будет законный акт, принятый законно избранными представителями народа Каталонии, и никакая Конституция Испании этому не помеха, поскольку, согласно определению Международного Суда в Гааге (2010): “Международное право не содержит запрета на одностороннее провозглашение независимости.” Так что каталонцы смогут сформировать где-нибудь свое законное правительство в изгнании, а другие страны имеют право его признать, как это происходит ныне с Западной Сахарой, признанной 50 государствами.
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Европейские СМИ, в основном, не в восторге от жесткой линии Мадрида и призывают Рахоя вступить в переговоры с властями Каталонии - характерная статья в "Гардиан"
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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/11/the-guardian-view-on-catalan-independence-time-to-talk
Editorial
The Guardian view on Catalan independence: time to talk
This is a dangerous and volatile moment for both Madrid and Barcelona. Both sides should keep calm and negotiate
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Wednesday 11 October 2017
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The Spanish prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, is playing hardball with Catalonia’s bid for independence. His first response to the declaration by President Carles Puigdemont that the right to independence was won, but would be suspended in order to create space for “dialogue”, was to challenge Mr Puigdemont to clarify his region’s status. Mr Rajoy has made no secret of his readiness to trigger article 155 of the constitution and suspend the region’s autonomy. Now he has flatly rejected Mr Puigdemont’s call for mediation. He must take care: boxing the Catalan leader into a corner would be a high-risk strategy.
Mr Rajoy did not even apologise (though some of his colleagues have) for the police behaviour on the day of the poll, 1 October, when the rest of Spain and Europe watched aghast as voters were met with truncheons and rubber bullets. He has not budged from his refusal to talk, while the Catalan leader’s hopes rest on some international mediation that the EU has so far resisted for fear of appearing to endorse what Spain’s constitutional court has declared an unlawful vote.
Mr Puigdemont’s decision to pause is both tactical and understandable. There is no clear scenario for secession, and certainly no obvious legal path offered by the 1978 constitution, which proclaims Spain’s “indissoluble unity”. Businesses and banks in Catalonia oppose independence. Some are already moving head offices out of the region: independence would certainly be a recipe for economic disruption. Mr Puigdemont, at least in the eyes of outsiders, also lacks a majority for independence. Although 90% voted for it, the turnout was only 43% (although the government says 770,000 votes were lost in the police violence). His own separatist coalition is increasingly strained.
So Mr Puigdemont was right to hit the pause button. Confrontation has been averted, for now. But Mr Rajoy seems determined to win a total victory rather than try to negotiate despite the appeal from the president of the European council, Donald Tusk, who warned that this crisis can only be solved through “the force of argument, not the argument of force”. The sight, during a pro-Madrid demonstration in Barcelona on Sunday, of the national police, the CNP, being greeted as the allies of the protesters, rather than neutral guardians of law and order, should be a warning of how quickly divisions can become entrenched. The smart move now would be to lower the temperature: that means both sides making concessions.
Mr Puigdemont says that independence is in abeyance. So Mr Rajoy could signal a move towards greater federalism that would take the edge off the antagonism. At all costs, he must resist pressure to implement article 155. Any attempt at direct rule from Madrid would risk precipitating the situation from a constitutional crisis into a catastrophe. There may be a model in Madrid’s relationship with the Basque country, which enjoys greater autonomy, for example being able to raise taxes. More symbolic changes, such as an official acceptance of Catalonia as a “nation” within Spain might win hearts and help protect territorial integrity.
The events of the past weeks should be a warning of how quickly and easily matters can slip out of control. Neither side appears to have had a plan B. Each has staked their personal political prospects on conflict over negotiation. If they truly hold their citizens’ interests at heart, they urgently need to seek common ground, not more divisions.
Spain has been an extraordinary success story for more than four decades. It has emerged from the long shadow of the Franco years as a modern European democracy. Catalonia has been an important part of that democratic triumph, and Spain has become a vital member of the EU. Yet history casts a long shadow. There are ghosts from that era which have not been entirely laid to rest. Barcelona and Madrid alike must take care not to let themselves be imprisoned by them..
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Подборка писем читателей "Гардиан" по теме Каталонии
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/11/making-the-numbers-add-up-in-the-catalonia-poll
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/147889.html
Испанские оккупанты, вон с каталонской земли!
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/147970.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Сторонники независимости одержат на нем безоговорочную победу
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/148451.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/148665.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/148868.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149110.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149453.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149587.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149856.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150062.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150521.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150742.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150922.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/151146.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/151420.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/151635.html
Референдум в Каталонии: "Как нам организовать голосование?"
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152020.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Марш солидарности в Стране Басков
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152090.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Референдум начинается
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152949.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/153126.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152703.html
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152470.html
Референдум в Каталонии: "Не ходите, дети, в Африку гулять..."
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/153411.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Триумф полицейских
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/153764.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Результаты голосования
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154075.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Дональд Трамп и священное право на самоопределение
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154418.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Теперь Каталония получила право на сецессию
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154365.html
Референдум в Каталонии: В Каталонии объявлена всеобщая забастовка
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154872.html?
Референдум в Каталонии: Для Каталонии больше нет места в Испании
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154910.html
Референдум в Каталонии: От референдума к декларации независимости
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155201.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Прения сторон
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155601.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Решающий день?
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155995.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Заявление президента Каталонии 10 октября 2017 г..
Те, кто делают революцию наполовину, роют себе могилу.
Антуан Сен-Жюст.
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"Мы представляем Каталонскую Республику как независимое и суверенное государство, правовое, демократическое и социальное".
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155601.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Решающий день?.
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Вот полный текст декларации
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DECLARATION OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF CATALONIA
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To the people of Catalonia and all the peoples of the world.
The bases of the constitution of the Catalan Republic are justice and intrinsic individual and collective human rights, being irrenunciable foundations which give meaning to the historical legitimacy and the legal and institutional traditions of Catalonia.
The Catalan nation, its language and its culture have a thousand years of history. For centuries, Catalonia has been endowed with and enjoyed its own institutions that have fully exercised self-government, with the Generalitat as the greatest expression of the historic rights of Catalonia. During periods of freedom, Parliamentarism has been the pedestal upon which these institutions have been based, channeled through the Catalan Parliaments and crystalized in the Constitutions of Catalonia.
Having been lost and longed for, today Catalonia restores its full sovereignty after decades of honestly and loyally seeking institutional coexistence with the people of the Iberian Peninsula.
Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1978, Catalan politics has played a key role with an exemplary, loyal and democratic attitude towards Spain, with a deep sentiment of being part of the State.
The Spanish State has responded to this loyalty with the denial of the recognition of Catalonia as a nation; and has granted limited autonomy, more administrative than political, and in the process of re-centralization; excercising a profoundly unjust economic treatment in addition to linguistic and cultural discrimination.
The Statute of Autonomy, approved by the Catalan Parliament, the Spanish Parliament, and the Catalan citizenry in a referendum, was to be the new stable and lasting framework for bilateral relations between Catalonia and Spain. But it was a political agreement broken by the ruling of the Constitutional Court, engendering new grievances among citizens.
Channeling the demands of a large majority of citizens of Catalonia; the Parliament, the Government and civil society have repeatedly called for the holding of a referendum on self-determination.
Upon finding that the institutions of the State have rejected any negotiation, they have violated the principles of democracy and autonomy, and have ignored the legal mechanisms available in the Constitution. The Generalitat of Catalunya has therefore called for a referendum to exercise the right to self-determination recognized under international law.
The organization and holding of the referendum led to the suspension of self-government in Catalonia and the de facto application of a state of emergency.
The brutal police operation of a military nature and style orchestrated by the Spanish state against Catalan citizens has repeatedly and severely violated their civil and political liberties and principles of Human Rights, and has contravened international agreements signed and ratified by the Spanish state.
Thousands of people have been investigated, detained, tried, questioned and threatened with harsh prison sentences, including hundreds of elected and institutional officials and professionals linked to the the sectors of communications, administration, and civil society.
Spanish institutions, which should remain neutral, protect fundamental rights and arbitrate political conflict, have become part and instrument of these attacks and have left the citizens of Catalonia unprotected.
In spite of the violence and the repression to try to prevent a democratic and peaceful process, the citizens of Catalonia have voted mostly in favor of the constitution of the Catalan Republic.
The constitution of the Catalan Republic is based on the need to protect the freedom, security, and coexistence of all citizens of Catalonia, and to move towards a state based on the rule of law and a democracy of greater quality, and respond to the Spanish State impeding the enforcement of the right to self-determination of peoples.
The people of Catalonia are lovers of law, and respect for the law is and will be a cornerstone of the Republic. The Catalan state will meet and legally comply with all the provisions that make up this declaration and ensure that the legal security and maintenance of the subscribed agreements will be part of the founding spirit of the Catalan Republic.
The constitution of the Republic is a hand extended to dialogue. In honor of the Catalan tradition of the pact, we maintain our commitment to agreements as a way of resolving political conflicts. At the same time, we reaffirm our fraternity and solidarity with the rest of the people of the world and, especially, those with whom we share the language and culture and the Euro-Mediterranean region in defense of individual and collective freedoms.
The Catalan Republic is an opportunity to correct the current democratic and social deficits and build a society which is more prosperous, fairer, more secure, more sustainable and with more solidarity.
By virtue of all that has just been presented, WE, the democratic representatives of the people of Catalonia, in the free exercise of the right of self-determination, and in accordance with the mandate received from the citizens of Catalonia:
CONSTITUTE the Catalan Republic, as an independent and sovereign State based on law, democracy, and social welfare.
ENTER into force the Llei de transitorietat jurídica i fundacional de la República.
INITIATE the constituent process which shall be democratic, citizen-based, transversal, participatory and binding.
AFFIRM the desire to open negotiations with Spain without any preconditions, aimed at establishing a collaborative system for the benefit of both parties. The negotiations shall necessarily be on an equal basis.
INFORM the international community and the authorities of the European Union of the constitution of the Catalan Republic and the proposal for negotiations with Spain.
URGE the international community and the European Union authorities to intervene to stop the continued violation of civil and political rights, and to monitor and oversee the negotiation process with the Spanish State.
EXPRESS the desire to build a European project that reinforces the social and democratic rights of citizens, as well as commiting to continue to apply without the solution of continuity and in a unilateral manner the norms of the legal orders of the European Union, the Spanish State, and the Catalan autonomy that transpose this norm.
AFFIRM that Catalonia has the unequivocal desire to integrate into the international community as quickly as possible. The new State agrees to respect the international obligations that are currently applied in its territory and continue to adhere to the international treaties to which the Kingdom of Spain is signator.
APPEAL to all States and international organizations to recognize the Catalan Republic as an independent and sovereign State.
URGE the Government of the Generalitat to adopt the measures necessary to fully enact this Declaration of independence and the provisions of the Llei de transitorietat jurídica i fundacional de la República.
CALL on all and each of the citizens of the Catalan Republic to make us worthy of the freedom that we have granted ourselves and to build a State that translates collective aspirations into action and conduct.
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The legitimate representatives of the people of Catalonia:
Barcelona, October 10, 2017.
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Jordi Graupera
Princeton.
Sunday, October 8, 2017
Of all possible scenarios, the worst part is a Half Declaration of Independence: it is the worst of the two worlds. Give the State the argument to intervene and apply the Criminal Code and repression, but does not offer the Generalitat instruments to give instructions with legal coverage and leave people and institutions unprotected. If the Declaration is not made, it is better to explain the truth as it would be seen by the representatives: it can not be because the Army will come. In this case, the fear is explicit and it becomes clear what is the situation of the country, that people have the right to know. This will not stop the intervention or repression, but at least we will have clear information about what the representatives think, what are our institutions and how the people from above see, as Machiavelli said..
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Puigdemont stops the clock
José Antich
Barcelona. Wednesday, 11 October 2017
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At the very end of the long journey towards the independence of Catalonia, its president, Carles Puigdemont, has stopped the clock and given himself a period, probably short, to negotiate. Certainly, it's not the easiest thing for the Catalan government to explain, nor is it what part of the independence movement which wanted an immediate declaration of independence after the results of the 1st October referendum was hoping for. But neither is it the most comfortable thing for the Spanish government and for Mariano Rajoy since the application of article 155 of the Spanish Constitution (the formal suspension of autonomy) which they've had ready for months is a little more difficult to explain abroad and to activate with the formal vote for dialogue in the way and the call for international mediation. With the clock stopped, the Catalan government should activate contacts with the PP (Popular Party) government and the formulae put on the table by the different international mediators in recent hours. That is, at least in theory, as it's not at all clear that Puigdemont's gesture has a counterpart in Madrid, as deputy PM Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría suggested in a brief statement in which, beyond the usual tough language, she added nothing.
Puigdemont's move could be risky in the complicated map of Catalan politics, where any sidestep is either a definitive success or failure, but could end up proving a wise choice in terms of preserving the support of international public opinion. A thousand journalists were accredited by the Catalan Parliament for the occasion, beyond those with standing passes. Almost two hundred international media outlets, some of whom broadcast his speech live. This is doubtlessly a lot and they are also going to be guarantors of the Catalan government's offer and attentive followers of the response from the Spanish government which has in its court an uncomfortable ball and which shouldn't do as on other occasions: destroy it and prevent the match from being played. The time is for sitting down and the European authorities who have asked Puigdemont for a gesture now have it. Now is the time to talk. And also to ask Rajoy to move in the same direction.
"Will it achieve anything?" wondered a group of young people with little happiness on their faces leaving the pro-independence rally on passeig Lluís Companys. It should achieve something. In any other country like ours it would achieve something. The parliamentary session yesterday afternoon had three critical moments. The first, when Puigdemont solemnly declared that he took on the mandate from the people on 1st October for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic. It was the most emotional moment as the memories flashed past of the difficulties to be able to vote on that day of enormous democratic dignity. The second, when he said that he was suspending the effects to open a dialogue for a negotiated solution. The Catalan government was listening to him from the front row of the Parliament, serious and constrained. The moment wasn't comfortable. And the third when the JxSí (Together for Yes) and CUP (Popular Unity Candidacy) deputies signed the declaration of independence in the chamber's auditorium.
The speed with which everything happened removed from the debate a few key words from the president's speech which referred to a suspension of the effects of the declaration of independence. What did he mean, exactly? Let's turn to the news agency Reuters: the independence of Catalonia has been declared by Puigdemont and its effects suspended in the interest of negotiation.
One of the peculiarities of Catalan politics is that it never advances in great leaps, but in very measured steps. This Tuesday is a clear example. The most positive thing is that nobody from the parliamentary spectrum that supported the 1st October referendum was lost along the way. The majority remains greater than the of strict pro-independence world. For the times coming it's better like that. To drive negotiations too. The ball is moving again and now enter new actors, above all Europe. The Catalan process is more international than ever, and that doesn't harm Catalan interests.
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11 октября 2017
Каталонии дается пять дней, чтобы прояснить ситуацию с независимостью
Власти Каталонии должны в течение пяти дней прояснить, что означает декларация независимости, подписанная во вторник вечером региональными властями. Председатель правительства Испании Мариано Рахой заявил, что кабинет просит "прояснить, была ли объявлена независимость".
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Правительство Испании потребовало от властей Каталонии до понедельника прояснить, что означает их декларация независимости, и отозвать ее до четверга, 19 октября, если независимость в декларации была действительно провозглашена. Правительство Каталонии пообещало дать ответ в указанный срок. В противном случае, будет введена в действие статья 155 Конституции Испании.
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Статья 155
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1. Если автономное Сообщество не выполняет обязательства , предусмотренные Конституцией или другими законами, либо его действия наносят серьезный ущерб общегосударственным интересам Испании, Правительство предупреждает председателя автономного Сообщества. Если ответа с его стороны не последует, Правительство может, с согласия абсолютного большинства Сената, принять необходимые меры для выполнения автономным Сообществом указанных обязательств в принудительном порядке, либо для защиты упомянутых общегосударственных интересов.
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2. В осуществлении мер, предусмотренных в предыдущем пункте, Правительство может давать соответствующие распоряжения любым властям автономных Сообществ..
Кроме того, сообщается что испанские политики, в принципе, договорились о реформе Конституции Испании: "Spanish prime minister Mariano Rajoy and opposition leader Pedro Sánchez agreed to put constitutional reform on the table. Rajoy and Sánchez had agreed that there should be a commission to examine the possibility of changing the way the country’s autonomous regions are governed through constitutional reform."
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Собственно говоря, ответ из Барселоны не слишком нужен. Речь Пучдемона и "Декларация" опубликованы и в Мадриде есть испанские юристы, которые сами могут определять есть в тексте "независимость" или нет и трактовать текст. Так что это простая формальность.
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Пучдемон, 11 октября 2017: " Мы просим о диалоге, а они выкладывают на стол 155-ю статью. Понятно."
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"Декларация независимости" Каталонии ("Декларация представителей Каталонии") - это скорее торжественный, а не юридический документ, видимо частично навеянный "Декларацией независимости" США (1776) - он аналогично содержит в начале "разъяснения причин, побудивших к такому отделению", перечисление обид и ущемлений. Затем следует заявление о начале процесса отделения Каталонии, желательно в сотрудничестве с Испанией, и просьба к мировому сообществу оказать в этом содействие. За "Декларацией", вероятно, должен последовать соответствующий акт парламента Каталонии об об'явлении независимости.
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Возьмем, например, провозглашение независимости Украины - за "Декларацией о государственном суверенитете Украины" (1990) последовал "Акт провозглашения независимости Украины" (1991)
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"...
- продолжая тысячелетнюю традицию государственного строительства в Украине,
- исходя из права на самоопределение, предусмотренного Уставом ООН и другими международно-правовыми документами,
- осуществляя Декларацию о государственном суверенитете Украины,
Верховный Совет Украинской Советской Социалистической Республики торжественно ПРОВОЗГЛАШАЕТ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ УКРАИНЫ и создание самостоятельного украинского государства - УКРАИНЫ.
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Настоящий акт вступает в силу с момента его одобрения.”.
Американцы в 1776 году обошлись одной "Декларацию независимости", сразу записав в ней
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"... торжественно записываем и заявляем, что эти соединенные колонии являются и по праву должны быть свободными и независимыми штатами, что они освобождаются от всякой зависимости по отношению к британской короне и что все политические связи между ними и Британским государством должны быть полностью разорваны, что в качестве свободных и независимых штатов они полномочны объявлять войну, заключать мирные договоры, вступать в союзы, вести торговлю, совершать любые другие действия и все то, на что имеет право независимое государство.".
Если же мы возьмем за образец процесс приобретения независимости Украиной, то он состоял из трех этапов:
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"Декларация о государственном суверенитете Украины"
"Акт провозглашения независимости Украины"
Референдум о независимости Украины
(Референдум был объявлен 24 августа 1991 года вместе с Актом провозглашения независимости Украины и проведен 1 декабря 1991 года)
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Каталония уже прошла два этапа - референдум и "Декларацию независимости" ("Декларация представителей Каталонии”), и для окончательного провозглашения независимости, которую формально об’явил Пучдемон 10 октября 2017 года, осталось принять акт парламента Каталонии примерно такого свойства
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"Акт провозглашения независимости Каталонии
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...
- продолжая тысячелетнюю традицию государственного строительства в Каталонии,
- исходя из права на самоопределение, предусмотренного Уставом ООН и другими международно-правовыми документами,
- осуществляя “Декларацию представителей Каталонии”,
Парламент Каталонии торжественно ПРОВОЗГЛАШАЕТ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ КАТАЛОНИИ и создание самостоятельного каталонского государства - РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАТАЛОНИИ.
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Настоящий акт вступает в силу с момента его одобрения.”
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Парламент Каталонии может принять такой акт в любой момент - как было заявлено, это будет сделано немедленно в случае упразднения или приостановления автономии Каталонии испанским правительством.
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Пусть после этого Каталония и не получит немедленно реальную независимость (а, возможно, и никогда), но, с точки зрения международного права, это будет законный акт, принятый законно избранными представителями народа Каталонии, и никакая Конституция Испании этому не помеха, поскольку, согласно определению Международного Суда в Гааге (2010): “Международное право не содержит запрета на одностороннее провозглашение независимости.” Так что каталонцы смогут сформировать где-нибудь свое законное правительство в изгнании, а другие страны имеют право его признать, как это происходит ныне с Западной Сахарой, признанной 50 государствами.
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Европейские СМИ, в основном, не в восторге от жесткой линии Мадрида и призывают Рахоя вступить в переговоры с властями Каталонии - характерная статья в "Гардиан"
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https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/11/the-guardian-view-on-catalan-independence-time-to-talk
Editorial
The Guardian view on Catalan independence: time to talk
This is a dangerous and volatile moment for both Madrid and Barcelona. Both sides should keep calm and negotiate
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Wednesday 11 October 2017
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The Spanish prime minister, Mariano Rajoy, is playing hardball with Catalonia’s bid for independence. His first response to the declaration by President Carles Puigdemont that the right to independence was won, but would be suspended in order to create space for “dialogue”, was to challenge Mr Puigdemont to clarify his region’s status. Mr Rajoy has made no secret of his readiness to trigger article 155 of the constitution and suspend the region’s autonomy. Now he has flatly rejected Mr Puigdemont’s call for mediation. He must take care: boxing the Catalan leader into a corner would be a high-risk strategy.
Mr Rajoy did not even apologise (though some of his colleagues have) for the police behaviour on the day of the poll, 1 October, when the rest of Spain and Europe watched aghast as voters were met with truncheons and rubber bullets. He has not budged from his refusal to talk, while the Catalan leader’s hopes rest on some international mediation that the EU has so far resisted for fear of appearing to endorse what Spain’s constitutional court has declared an unlawful vote.
Mr Puigdemont’s decision to pause is both tactical and understandable. There is no clear scenario for secession, and certainly no obvious legal path offered by the 1978 constitution, which proclaims Spain’s “indissoluble unity”. Businesses and banks in Catalonia oppose independence. Some are already moving head offices out of the region: independence would certainly be a recipe for economic disruption. Mr Puigdemont, at least in the eyes of outsiders, also lacks a majority for independence. Although 90% voted for it, the turnout was only 43% (although the government says 770,000 votes were lost in the police violence). His own separatist coalition is increasingly strained.
So Mr Puigdemont was right to hit the pause button. Confrontation has been averted, for now. But Mr Rajoy seems determined to win a total victory rather than try to negotiate despite the appeal from the president of the European council, Donald Tusk, who warned that this crisis can only be solved through “the force of argument, not the argument of force”. The sight, during a pro-Madrid demonstration in Barcelona on Sunday, of the national police, the CNP, being greeted as the allies of the protesters, rather than neutral guardians of law and order, should be a warning of how quickly divisions can become entrenched. The smart move now would be to lower the temperature: that means both sides making concessions.
Mr Puigdemont says that independence is in abeyance. So Mr Rajoy could signal a move towards greater federalism that would take the edge off the antagonism. At all costs, he must resist pressure to implement article 155. Any attempt at direct rule from Madrid would risk precipitating the situation from a constitutional crisis into a catastrophe. There may be a model in Madrid’s relationship with the Basque country, which enjoys greater autonomy, for example being able to raise taxes. More symbolic changes, such as an official acceptance of Catalonia as a “nation” within Spain might win hearts and help protect territorial integrity.
The events of the past weeks should be a warning of how quickly and easily matters can slip out of control. Neither side appears to have had a plan B. Each has staked their personal political prospects on conflict over negotiation. If they truly hold their citizens’ interests at heart, they urgently need to seek common ground, not more divisions.
Spain has been an extraordinary success story for more than four decades. It has emerged from the long shadow of the Franco years as a modern European democracy. Catalonia has been an important part of that democratic triumph, and Spain has become a vital member of the EU. Yet history casts a long shadow. There are ghosts from that era which have not been entirely laid to rest. Barcelona and Madrid alike must take care not to let themselves be imprisoned by them..
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Подборка писем читателей "Гардиан" по теме Каталонии
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/11/making-the-numbers-add-up-in-the-catalonia-poll
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/147889.html
Испанские оккупанты, вон с каталонской земли!
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/147970.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Сторонники независимости одержат на нем безоговорочную победу
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/148451.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Акции солидарности в Стране Басков
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/148665.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Акции солидарности в Великобритании
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/148868.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Призрак “Великой Каталонии”
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149110.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Каталонская независимость и Европейский Союз
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149453.html
Референдум в Каталонии: "Механизм российского вмешательства пронизывает каталонский кризис"
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149587.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Поле битвы за неделю до голосования
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/149856.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Два братских народа
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150062.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Ирландия требует остановить произвол
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150521.html
Референдум в Каталонии: "Русские хакеры" продолжают атаковать каталонцев
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150742.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Ответ Трампа разочаровал испанцев
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/150922.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Альфред де Сайас и цензура в ООН
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/151146.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Позиции сторон
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Референдум в Каталонии: Сенсационные результаты последнего опроса
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/151635.html
Референдум в Каталонии: "Как нам организовать голосование?"
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152020.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Марш солидарности в Стране Басков
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152090.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Референдум начинается
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152949.html
Референдум в Каталонии: “Тишина Брюсселя оглушительна”
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/153126.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Мерзкое нутро евролиберализма
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152703.html
Референдум в Каталонии: “Предчувствие гражданской войны”
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/152470.html
Референдум в Каталонии: "Не ходите, дети, в Африку гулять..."
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/153411.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Триумф полицейских
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/153764.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Результаты голосования
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154075.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Дональд Трамп и священное право на самоопределение
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154418.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Теперь Каталония получила право на сецессию
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154365.html
Референдум в Каталонии: В Каталонии объявлена всеобщая забастовка
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154872.html?
Референдум в Каталонии: Для Каталонии больше нет места в Испании
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/154910.html
Референдум в Каталонии: От референдума к декларации независимости
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155201.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Прения сторон
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155601.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Решающий день?
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https://pluto9999.livejournal.com/155995.html
Референдум в Каталонии: Заявление президента Каталонии 10 октября 2017 г..