Scoliosis correction center
Пересохраняю шоб було ради списка исследований, а то картинки там уже пропали. Вообще, ссылка уже была на него. Всё на английском. Сам мужик - засранец обыкновенный.
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/cause-of-idiopathic-scoliosis.htm
One of the greatest areas of confusion in regards to scoliosis has to do with its cause. Many mothers are fraught with a sense of guilt, feeling that scoliosis was "in their genes," and somehow "passed down" to their son or daughter. Although a recent article in the scientific journal of Spine stated that no specific gene has even been linked to scoliosis, much of the current resources & energy of the scientific community remain committed to the search.
The idea of a scoliosis gene is preposterous. Perhaps the researchers would save time and money if they were to consider a study published in 1992 suggesting that the cause of scoliosis can be traced to an injury to the part of the brain responsible for coordinating motor & sensory input. This condition, referred to as Kinetic Imbalance due to Suboccipital Strain, or "KISS", is well-documented in scientific literature, and is generally found in newborns due to birth trauma such as Caesarean section, multiple births, prolonged labor, or the use of extraction devices. This clearly makes more sense than a scoliosis gene.
In the study, published in the Journal of Manual Medicine and entitled, "Kinetic Imbalance due to Suboccipital Strain in Newborns," over 600 children with evidence of KISS was evaluated. The authors noted that this condition, if left unchecked, could lead to postural problems such as scoliosis, due to the interference on the nerves that are responsible for coordinating the motor input from the body with the sensory input from the eyes.
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/physics-of-scoliosis.html
In achieving correction of the scoliotic spine, it is important to place emphasis on correcting the loss of cervical curve, also known as cervical kyphosis or hypolordosis. Loss of the curve in your neck will cause the spine below it to buckle. Traditional medical science views the spine as a bridge connecting the head to the pelvis. If a bridge begins to collapse, the correct approach is to try to hold it together by fusing its structure. Chiropractors, however, view the spine as an engine. If the engine in your car starts to run funny, and you fuse the cylinders together, this might not solve the problem. Motion is essential for proper functioning of the spine and the associated soft tissue components.
The reason your spine buckles as the curve in your neck disappears has to do with physics. When you carry your groceries in to your house from your car, you carry the bags close to your body. Increasing the distance between your body and the bags of groceries causes an increase in the apparent weight of your burden. In the same way, holding your head forward puts a greater stress upon your spine. In fact, for every inch the head moves forward from your center of gravity, the apparent weight of your head increases by 10 pounds!Scoliosis Correction Center
One of the easiest ways for the body to adapt to this increased load is to add another curve into the spine. If you are holding a heavy weight in your hand and flex your wrist forward, your elbow will swing out to the side to make it easier for your muscles to support the weight. With our alternative scoliosis treatment, you can correct the scoliosis without bracing.
Why does the curve in your neck disappear?
There may be many different reasons. Sometimes it is a motor vehicle crash, or an incident of trauma. More often, however, it may develop slowly, over time, as we live day-to-day. Studying in school, working at a computer, or focusing on a project on our workbench often requires that we hold our head downwards and forwards for long periods of time. Eventually, this causes the spine to slip, bit by bit, until the muscles become tight and strong. The body then begins to use these stronger muscles more than the weaker ones, reinforcing the change in posture. With the loss of the curve in your neck, the nerves that travel from the brain to every single cell in our body begin to suffer. In a straight neck, with no curve at all, the spinal cord is stretched by 10%. If the neck buckles completely, this can increase to as high as 28%! If somebody pulled on your finger until it was 28% longer, you'd probably complain about it a little.
Why do the doctors at the Scoliosis Correction Center know that restoring the curve in your neck can help to correct a scoliosis? Well, there is research that suggests scoliosis may correct spontaneously if the tension from the spinal cord is removed:
Can Hindbrain Decompression for Syringomyelia Lead to Regression of Scoliosis? European Spine Journal, June 2000; 9(3):198-201
"[16] patients underwent a hindbrain decompression, and... the scoliosis was seen to improve or arrest its progression in 6."
And other researchers have concluded that the spine adapts to a short, taut spinal cord by producing rotation in the spinal column, which will take pressure off of the nerves.
Can a Short Spinal Cord Produce Scoliosis? European Spine Journal, February 2001; 10(1):2-9
"A short, unforgiving spinal cord could produce the abnormal rotatory anatomy observed at the apex of scoliosis..."
Of course, restoring the curve in the neck is only one aspect of our unique approach to scoliosis. Rehabilitating the muscles, tendons, & ligaments is also important, as is re-training the brain to use the postural muscles more evenly. For now, we hope you understand more about how what happens in the neck can affect the rest of the spine, and why it is important not to neglect the top of the spine in scoliosis correction!
Here is more factual information about Scoliosis with which to make informed decisions.
* "The mortality rate (with AIS)(Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis) is 15 %". "Individuals with Scoliosis life expectancy is decreased by 14 years": idiopathic scoliosis:long term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients. J.Bone Joint Surg Am 1981 Jun;63(5):702-12
* "The effects: Reduced life expectancy, it can stunt growth and decrease pulmonary function. It's associated with headaches, shortness of breath, digestive problems, chronic hip, knee and leg pain". National Scoliosis Foundation.
* "The Scoliotic Group was characterized by a decrease in standing stability. Center of Mass (COM) and Center of Pressure (COP) were significantly different between the scoliotic group and the norm." Spine 27(17):1911-1917; 2002
* Scoliosis is not only a deformation of the spinal column, it is also a disease of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system. Scoliosis is more than a 3-dimensional deformation of the spine. It also involves postural disorganization, neuro musculo-skeletal dysfunction and unsynchronized growth patterns. IS (idiopathic scoliosis) could be reinforced by a disrupted integration of vestibular and visual signals at the cortical level". vestibular mechanisms involved in IS: Arch Ital Biol 2002 Jan; 140(1) 67-80
* "There were five times more back surface abonormalities in the blind population. These findings are compatible with a postural etiology of scoliosis in the visually impaired". Conversely there is a decreased incidence of scoliosis in hearing impaired children"; visual deficiency and scoliosis; spine 2001, jan 1;26(1):48-52 what this means is that scoliosis is more than just a twist of the spine but something involving the vestibular system and those that are blind have a higher incidence of scoliosis because of the loss of balance etc with the loss of sight whereas those that can see but can't hear show a decreased incidence since their balance and coordination is usually better than normal
* "After brace treatment we found slight statistically significant increase in the mean lumbar curvature, but no significant change in the mean thoracic curve." changes in curve pattern after brace ( Boston Brace) treatment for IS. Acta Orthop Scand 2002 jun 73(3): 277-81
* "Progression of 6 degrees occurred in 74% of boys and 46% reached surgical thresholds. Bracing of male patients with idiopathic scoliosis is ineffective. Curves measuring >/=30 degrees were very likely to progress to surgery ; effectiveness of bracing male patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Sep 15;26(18);2001-5
* "Since 1991, bracing has not been recommended for children with AIS at this center. If bracing does not reduce the proportion of children with AIS who require surgery for cosmetic improvement of their deformity, it cannot be said to provide meaningful advantage to the patient of the community"; adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the effect of brace treatment on the incidence of surgery. Spine 2001 Jan1;26(1)42-7 Children's Research Center, Dublin, Ireland.
* "The deterioration of the curves was 3.5 degrees for all surgically treated curves and 7.9 degrees for all brace treated curves. Five brace treated patients had a curve increase of 20 degrees or more". Radiologic findings and curve progression 22 years after treatment for AIS: comparison of brace and surgical treatment with matching control group of straight individuals. Spine 2001 Mar 1;26(5):516-25
WHY OUR Scoliosis Treatment IS DIFFERENT!
The work we are doing is based on the fact that scoliosis is not just a spinal curvature, but involves abnormal spinal curves in the neck, as well as hip rotation. Active scoliosis patients always present to the office with forward head posture and a loss of the cervical lordosis (as seen on x-ray). In addition, there is also abnormal biomechanical malpositions of the head and neck. Therefore, before the A-P dimension of scoliosis (the lateral curve you are concerned with) can be corrected, the cervical lordosis must be re-established first. Following this correction, the lateral curve (Cobb angle) is reduced to normal or as close to normal as possible.
Average change with the work we do is a 62 % reduction (permanent, if exercises are done) of the Cobb angle. These results are achieved with a combination of specific spinal adjustments done with instruments, not by hand, specific rehabilitative procedures including proprioceptive neuromuscular re-education, muscle and ligament rehab and vibration therapy.
The scoliotic spine compresses and rotates three dimensionally, therefore it must be de-rotated, and de-compressed in order to achieve correction. At the Scoliosis Correction Center, we use a vibration platform and vibration scoliosis traction chair as well as specific techniques to pull the Cobb angle back into proper alignment.
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/scoliosis-treatment.html
One component is universally lacking in nearly all forms of scoliosis treatment today: the effect of the cervical spine in determining spinal pathology, gait, stance, and overall posture. The head controls all components of the spine below it, much like how the engine controls the direction of a train. Without regard for which direction the locomotive is heading in, how is it possible to control the boxcars behind it? The very first aspect that must be addressed in scoliosis correction is the cervical spine; specifically, correcting the forward head posture by restoring the cervical lordosis and normal ranges of motion in the cervical spine, especially between the atlas and the first cervical vertebra.
Balance and proprioception also play an important role in the rehabilitation of the scoliotic patient.
Scoliosis Treatments. A neurological short leg will always be found at first; this imbalance should be corrected with specific spinal adjustments. Once the patient is balanced, proprioceptive retraining exercises can be prescribed to maintain the correction. One method of reducing forward head posture and retraining postural muscles is deceptively simple: by blocking the superior half of the lens on a pair of glasses, and instructing the patient to wear them for at least twenty minutes, the postural muscles of the neck are retrained to better hold the cervical lordosis in place. Various spinal weights may be placed on the head and/or hips to activate the weakened postural muscles. Also, whole-body vibration therapy (WBV) has been scientifically proven to be extremely effective at proprioceptive re-education. Do NOT make the mistake of trying to "push" a scoliosis out of the spine!
This type of adjustment is foreign to the body, and will be resisted. Most scoliosis braces are ineffective or even harmful because they do exactly this. A scoliotic spine must be visualized and corrected three-dimensionally; the lateral curve will not reduce until the spine has been de-compressed and de-rotated. Adjusting the apex of the curve, whether into the concavity or the convexity, will inevitably make the situation worse. Traction - pulling - is far more effective because it is a subtler, gentler force, and one that is less readily resisted by the body.
Spinal traction chair
At the Scoliosis Correction Center we utilize a specialized scoliosis traction chair that incorporates cervical decompression with lateral thoracic and lumbar traction, and also addresses the rotational aspect of the scoliosis simultaneously. This passive exercise therapy can be performed by the patient at the clinic or at home. This chair is a required home treatment for some patients.
Scoliosis Treatments with stcUsing the Scoliosis Traction Chair
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/casereport.html
Mark W Morningstar, Dennis Woggon and Gary Lawrence
Abstract
Background: The combination of spinal manipulation and various physiotherapeutic procedures used to correct the curvatures associated with scoliosis have been largely unsuccessful. Typically, the goals of these procedures are often to relax, strengthen, or stretch musculotendinous and/or ligamentous structures. In this study, we investigate the possible benefits of combining spinal manipulation, positional traction, and neuromuscular reduction in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.
Methods: A total of 22 patient files were selected to participate in the protocol. Of these, 19 met the study criterion required for analysis of treatment benefits. Antero-posterior radiographs were taken of each subject prior to treatment intervention and 4-6 weeks following the intervention. A Cobb angle was drawn and analyzed on each radiograph, so pre and post comparisons could be made.
Results: After 4-6 weeks of scoliosis treatment, the treatment group averaged a 17° reduction in their Cobb angle measurements. None of the patients' Cobb angles increased. A total of 3 subjects were dismissed from the study for noncompliance relating to home care instructions, leaving 19 subjects to be evaluated post-intervention.
Conclusions: The combined use of spinal manipulation and postural therapy appeared to significantly reduce the severity of the Cobb angle in all 19 subjects. These results warrant further testing of this protocol.
Background
In the MEDLINE- indexed literature, chiropractic treatment has shown to be largely ineffective at significantly reducing scoliotic curvatures. Chiropractic treatment for scoliosis typically consists of spinal manipulation, electric stimulation, some form of isotonic, active exercises, and shoe lifts [1]. However, Lantz et al [2] has shown that these procedures, when applied over a one-year duration, were not sufficient to significantly reduce the Cobb angle of a scoliotic curvature.
The scoliosis treatment in this study focuses on the reduction of scoliosis by manipulative and rehabilitative methods not commonly used by most chiropractors. The major difference in this scoliosis treatment compared to others is that stimulation of the involuntary postural reflexes is utilized in the clinic setting as well as in home care. Many of the proposed etiologies of idiopathic scoliosis are neurological in origin, including brain asymmetry [3], neural axis deformities [4], and central nervous system processing errors [5]. Additionally, many coexistent neurological alterations are present in scoliosis patients, such as visual deficiency [6] and decreased postural stability [7,8]. Therefore, the goals of the proposed scoliosis treatment are not only to reduce the scoliotic curvatures, but also to rehabilitate any underlying postural and neurological weaknesses or imbalances. Previous chiropractic authors have investigated the effectiveness of various physiotherapeutic modalities in the treatment of scoliosis, such as Pilates [9], stretching and massage [10], therapeutic exercises [11], orthotics [2], and ultrasound or electric stimulation [1]. The purpose of the present study is to investigate any possible benefits from combining manipulative and rehabilitative techniques from a randomized sample collected from various chiropractic facilities. Preliminary evidence [12] suggests that these procedures may be beneficial for reducing the curvatures associated with scoliosis.
Methods
A nonrandomized set of 22 patients participated in the study. The age range of the subject group was 15-65 years of age. The patients were selected from 3 different chiropractic facilities in the United States. Patients were evaluated according to their chief complaint at initial presentation. Patients were excluded from the study if neoplasm, malignancy, fracture, scoliosis secondary to genetic disorders, or previous arthrodesis were identified. Each patient was examined radiographically for location and severity of scoliosis with standing anteroposterior full spine imaging. All patients removed their shoes for the imaging. Cobb angles were drawn on each radiograph to identify the degree of curvature present.
A specific treatment plan was created based upon the results of each patient's radiographic measurements before and after a sample trial of the proposed clinical procedures. Initially, standing lateral cervical, nasium, lateral lumbar, and anteroposterior lumbopelvic views were taken. These views were taken to quantify forward head posture, cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis, the sacral base angle, and the Cobb angle of the major lateral curvature. We decided to use the radiographic positioning and analysis outlined by Harrison et al [13-16], due to its previously published reliability. After these images were taken, each patient was fitted with a 4-lb anterior headweight. They were instructed to walk around with the headweight for 10 minutes.
After 10 minutes, a follow-up lateral cervical radiograph was taken while wearing the anterior head-weight. The purpose of this lateral stress view is to evaluate the potential improvement in cervical lordosis and reduction in forward head posture from using these procedures [17,18]. The basis for this aspect of the protocol is based upon the inherent properties of a curved column. In the spine, lateral spinal displacements may occur when the normal sagittal spinal curves [19-22] are flattened, reversed, or accentuated. These curves are necessary for the overall strength and flexibility of the curved spinal column, according to the Delmas Index [23]. Therefore, the proposed treatment is intended to restore a normal cervical and lumbar lordosis, and reduce forward head posture before the scoliotic curvatures are addressed.
The specific manipulative and rehabilitative procedures used in this study are designed to both reduce the scoliotic curvature and theoretically retrain the involuntary neuromuscular, reflexive control of posture and balance. However, the specific neurological effects, if any, remain to be investigated. Some of the procedures have been separately introduced or tested [17,18,24-26]. The manipulative procedures included an upper cervical adjustment designed to mobilize the atlantal-occipital joint with the use of a percussive instrument. This technique is shown in Figure 1. This technique is delivered to patients whose lateral cervical radiographs demonstrated atlanto-occipital flexion. If atlanto-occipital extension was present on the initial lateral cervical radiograph, a -Z drop piece was used to mobilize the occiput into flexion. This is also shown in Figure 1.
An anterior thoracic adjustment was administered with the patient's thoracic cage rotated opposite to the rotational displacement. A thoracic drop piece was also used to mobilize and correct the smaller upper thoracic curvature. Side posture lumbopelvic adjustments were delivered bilaterally to correct the rotational component of the pelvic misalignment. These side posture manipulations were performed on a 30°-incline bench to help pre-stress the spine out of its existing scoliotic curvatures.
Certain traction procedures are also employed. These procedures are delivered using high-density foam blocks to pre-stress the spine into specific positions so ligament deformation and stress-relaxation can take place. Supine pelvic blocking was performed on each patient for 15 minutes. The position of the blocks was determined by each patient's pelvic rotation on radiograph and posture analysis. One block is placed under the iliac crest of the posterior ilium, and the other block is placed under the femoral head of the opposite, anteriorly-rotated ilium.
Figure 2 illustrates the position of the pelvic blocks. The rehabilitative procedures, demonstrated in Figure 3, included the use of head, shoulder, and hip weighting devices. These devices may be used while simultaneously performing specific balancing exercises. These exercises include the use of a Pettibon Wobble Chair ® and a Posturomed® [17]. Tjernstrom et al [27] showed that repeated performance of a postural alteration induces a long-term motor memory for achieving that novel postural position. The position of the body weighting was also determined radiographically for each patient. Initially, hip weights and shoulder weights were applied according to each patient's posture analysis. Anteroposterior cervicothoracic and lumbopelvic views were taken while wearing the head and body weighting.
Since changes in spinal position are not reliably seen by visualization [28,29], these stress radiographs were taken to confirm their corrective effects.
The attending physician treated each patient 3 times per week for the first 4-6 weeks. A total of 3 physicians performed the treatment intervention for all patients. However, each patient did not receive identical treatment at all visits. The physicians performed only those manipulative procedures that were deemed necessary based upon a visual posture analysis at the beginning of each treatment session. However, the rehabilitative procedures remained constant throughout the study for all patients.
Specific home care exercise programs were taught to each patient. These exercises were performed on a daily basis. Each patient was instructed to wear the head and body weighting twice daily for 15 minutes each time. Secondly, each patient was given a set of triangular foam blocks to lie on once daily for 20 minutes, immediately prior to going to bed at night. The foam blocks were positioned under the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar regions simultaneously.
The position of these blocks is shown in Figure 4.
Patients participating in any weightlifting activities were required to cease those activities until further notice from the attending physician. Patients who failed to perform the home care more than 3 times were dismissed from the study. A total of 3 subjects were eventually dismissed, leaving 19 subjects to perform post-intervention evaluations.
Results
At the conclusion of the trial period, a post-intervention radiographic study was conducted. The same anteroposterior full spine view was taken, and Cobb angles were againmeasured at the same vertebral levels. The average starting Cobb angle was found to be 28°, while the post-intervention Cobb angles measured an average of 11°, for an overall average reduction of 17°.
Scoliosis
The picture on the left demonstrates the mechanically assisted manipulation used when a patient's skull is restricted in extension on lateral cervical radiograph Figure 1.
The picture on the right is the procedure used when the skull flexion is restricted.
Every patient made at least a 25% improvement. The largest improvement measured 33°, and the smallest improvement measured 8°. Table 1 shows the results of all 19 patients that followed through with the entire treatment plan. Figure 5 is a sample of the improvements made by a few of the patients. It is important to mention that these patients were initially treated prior to this study. Because of this, the pre and post treatment radiographs had previously been analyzed for saggital curve and Cobb angle measurements. For purposes of this study, however, all of the radiographs were sent to a single chiropractic physician to analyze each of the patient files. This physician did not participate in the treatment process, nor did this physician have contact with any of the patients. This was performed to separate examiner bias from the treatment results. While only radiographic procedures were reported for this study, other physiologic parameters were utilized to document patient progress. Unfortunately, since the patient files were extracted from 3 different spine clinics, a consistent functional or symptomatic measure was not used in all 22 cases. A functional rating index, a visual analog scale, and SF-36 were used on the patients here. As a result, these values are not reported to avoid variability in outcome interpretation.
Discussion
Scoliosis has recently been associated with a lower quality of life [30-32], lower scores on the SF-36 health question-
This picture shows the placement of the pelvic blocks for an anterior right ilium Figure 2
This picture shows the placement of the pelvic blocks for an anterior right ilium. The blocks are placed opposite of the pelvic rotation.
naire [33], and makes patients prone to developing chronic pain more often than the general population [34].Therefore, reducing scoliotic curvatures, even in the absence of symptoms, seems to be a worthy outcome objective for clinical practice. This opinion is further supported by recent evidence of the deleterious effects of abnormal spinal loading [35-37]. Given that the average curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis is 7.03° per year [38], the traditional method of regular observation without treatment seems to be reactionary rather than corrective or preventive.
Spinal manipulation alone does not appear to significantly alter spinal structure when administered as a sole treatment modality [39,40]. Therefore, in the instance of scoliosis, treatment should include the use of both manipulative and rehabilitative procedures, so that structural changes can be attempted. It is important to stress that spinal manipulation was avoided, when possible, in the present study. Unpublished clinical observation by the authors has shown that over-manipulating or adjusting the spine seems to create a certain amount of instability, possibly leading to further buckling of the scoliotic curvature. The significance of home care to the results was not reported here. It is unknown how the omission of home care would have affected the outcome measurements, given that 3 subjects were dropped from the study for noncompliance in performing home care. Future research should account for this potential variable to determine its necessity and relevance. The outcome measures for this study are divided into a series of both short-term and long-term goals. The outcome of the initial stage of care is to reduce forward head.
The above picture illustrates a sample placement of the Pettibon Bodyweighting SystemFigure 3
The above picture illustrates a sample placement of the Pettibon Bodyweighting System. Here we have an anterior headweight, right shoulderweight, and left-back and right-front hipweights.
posture and improve the sagittal cervical and lumbar curves. As the position of the head migrates forward, or away from the body's vertical axis, increased strain is placed upon the muscles of the head, neck and shoulders. Cailliet and Zohn indicated that an additional 10 inch/lbs of leverage is added to the spinal system in a forward head posture [41,42]. Additionally, this added leverage causes increased isometric contraction of various spinal muscles, such as the splenius capitis, trapezius, SCM, and levator scapula. Sjogaard et al [43] reported that blood flow through a given muscle is decreased as a muscles contraction increases, being virtually cut off at 50-60% contraction. The resultant lack of blood flow forces the muscle to rely on anaerobic metabolism. As anaerobic metabolism progresses, metabolites such as substance P, bradykinin, and histamine build up and excite chemosensitive pain receptors, causing a barrage of nociceptive afferent input [44], resulting in dysafferentation [45]. Being that postural control is largely dependant upon cervical joint mechanoreceptors and afferent input from ligament and musculotendinous sources [46,47], correcting the postural distortions responsible for this pathophysiologic process may be beneficial in patient populations, such as scoliosis, where postural control is significantly altered [48]. The effects of the loss of cervical and lumbar lordosis have been previously reported [19,35-37]. Rhee et al [49] noted that correction of the sagittal curves might be related to the long-term health of the spine in scoliosis management. Harrison et al [35] illustrated how a loss of the sagittal curve alters the mechanical properties of the spinal.
This figure shows a demonstration of the positional traction procedureFigure 4
This figure shows a demonstration of the positional traction procedure. The cervical block is placed under the patient's cervicothoracic junction, allowing the head to extend back over the sloped portion of the block. The low back support is placed under the patient's thoracolumbar junction, posterior to the lowest palpable ribs. The blocks are outlined in white cord and nerve roots, which may change the firing patterns of involved neurons. Schafer illustrated how an increased demand is placed upon the cervical musculature when the cervical curve is straightened or reversed [50]. It is important that the cervical spine be in a normal structural alignment. A loss of the cervical lordosis and concomitant forward head posture may elicit the pelvoocular reflex, which causes an anterior pelvic translation to balance the head's center of gravity [51]. Wu et al [52,53] point out that in postural control, preference is given to the position of the head, neck, and trunk.
Therefore, correction of the cervical spine becomes imperative so that the rest of the spine can be rehabilitated in relation to a normal reference point in space. Once the cervical and lumbar lordoses are corrected, coronal reduction of the scoliotic curvatures begins. Here this was accomplished by adding a shoulderweight to the right shoulder and a hipweight to the anterior right ilium and posterior left ilium. Wu and Essien [53] have previously reported the effects of adding external weight to the upper body via a shoulder weight. They identified predictable patterns in which the trunk would compensate for the amount and position of the weight. Wu and MacLeod [52] identified a shift in the center of mass toward the added weight when placed on the side of the pelvis. However, the trunk and head remained in the same position, while the pelvis and lower extremities shifted to counteract the weight while supporting the head and trunk [52].
In this protocol, we created an environment where external weight was added to the head, shoulder, and pelvic regions simultaneously. Knowing the predictable patterns of compensatory shifting to an altered center of gravity, we placed the headweight, shoulderweight, and hip- weights in areas designed to reduce each patient's specific spinal distortion patterns. Learning a new motor coordination skill can be divided into 3 phases: cognitive, associative, and autonomous [54]. In the cognitive phase, the patient performs the motor task repetitively to learn until the task requirements are understood. As the patient progresses through the associative and autonomous phases, the task becomes easier to perform, and may ultimately be performed in a variety of practical contexts with decreased repetitions [54].
While Lantz et al [2] have shown that chiropractic management, consisting of a combination of manipulative procedures, electric stimulation, and orthotic inserts did not significantly reduce a scoliosis, this treatment does not incorporate these physiotherapeutic procedures. Instead, this treatment requires the use of specific rehabilitative equipment that theoretically recruits the use of head, neck, trunk, and extremity postural reflexes to create specific adaptation to an altered center of gravity and field of gaze. The study design used here does present specific limitations. Due to the lack of a control group, comparative data and conclusions cannot be made. Additionally, a retrospective design does not blind the practitioners to treatment. Although we attempted to select patient files at random from 3 separate spine clinics, nonrandomized.
Table 1: Cobb Angle Measurements after 4-6 Weeks (Degrees)
Subject # Sex/Age Initial Post Reduction
1 F/193224 8
2 M/1723 8 15
3F/1529 11 18
4F/6452 19 33
5 F/1619 4 15
6F/2228 11 17
7 F/2716 2 14
8F/3425 11 14
9F/2135 20 15
10 F/41 28 13 15
11 F/53 40 22 18
12 F/18 31 9 22
13 F/16 27 14 13
14 F/20 33 7 26
15 F/23 32 18 14
16 F/15 16 4 12
17 M/33 15 4 11
18 M/24 21 6 15
19 F/25 38 11 17
sample populations such as ours do not necessarily reflect the potential outcomes in a general population. Therefore, future studies in this area should incorporate a control group and a randomized patient population. Followup studies should also focus on the potential long-term benefits of conservative scoliosis treatment, given the relative scarcity of biomedical literature available on longterm benefits from any scoliosis treatment.
Within the design limitations of the present study, the combined use of manipulative and neuromuscular rehabilitation seemed to reduce scoliotic curvatures in 19 subjects by an average of 17°. This reduction took place within a 4 to 6-week period. Although this treatment was not tested over the long term, the magnitude of the present results warrants further studies into its effectiveness. This treatment should also be tested on specific types of scoliosis in follow-up trials. A long-term investigation of this protocol is desirable.
Competing interests
This manuscript was submitted by Spinal Technologies, a BioMed Central institutional member. The rehabilitation equipment used in this study is patented by Burl R Pettibon, DC and Spinal Technologies. MWM is the Director of Research for the Pettibon Biomechanics Institute, and an active postgraduate instructor for Spinal Technologies.
MWM does not receive monetary compensation for this position. Rather, he is granted funding from Spinal Technologies to obtain biomedical literature and statistician services. DW is a past postgraduate instructor for Spinal Technologies, founder and director of the CLEAR Institute, and CEO of the Flex Neck Company. GL is an active postgraduate instructor for Spinal Technologies. The authors receive lecture fees for each continuing education seminar conducted. All 3 authors maintain private.
This figure illustrates some of the pre and post x-rays taken after 4-6 weeks of treatmentFigure 5
This figure illustrates some of the pre and post x-rays taken after 4-6 weeks of treatment.
52° 19°
chiropractic practices from where all of the patient files in this study were taken. None of the above companies donated, funded, or reimbursed any monies or equipment for this study. None of the authors have any ownership in Spinal Technologies or its subsidiary companies, and none will gain any financial interest as a result of this paper.
Authors' contributions
Each author worked on one-third of the patient population. The first author was responsible for collecting the data and putting our findings into written format.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Darin Weeks and Cassi Little for procedure demonstration.
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31. Danielsson AJ, Nachemson AL: Radiologic findings and curve progression 22 years after treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: comparison of scoliosis brace and surgical treatment with matching control group of straight individuals. Spine 2001, 26:516-525.
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Published: 14 September 2004
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2004, 5:32 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-5-32
Received: 22 April 2004
Accepted: 14 September 2004
Spine. 26(1):48-52, January 1, 2001. Catanzariti, Jean F. MD; Salomez, Elisabeth MD +; Bruandet, Jean M. MD; Thevenon, Andre MD
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
UPD 19/03/2013: Ещё один из той же серии: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EXx-4wtm9A
C.L.E.A.R. Non-Surgical Scoliosis Treatment Method. Janzen and Janzen Chiropractic, in Campbell, California (near San Jose) is a C.L.E.A.R. Certified Scoliosis Treatment Center.
Treatment involves exercise, traction, massage, chiropractic adjustments, and proprioceptive neuromuscular re-education. Conservative concepts from Schroth and CLEAR institute are applied.
Every scoliosis case is different, and results vary widely from case to case. This story highlights just what is possible with conservative treatment, and the importance of pursuing conservative, early intervention for scoliosis.
Find more information at http://www.stopscoliosis.com or http://www.janzenandjanzen.com
http://www.clear-institute.org/
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/cause-of-idiopathic-scoliosis.htm
One of the greatest areas of confusion in regards to scoliosis has to do with its cause. Many mothers are fraught with a sense of guilt, feeling that scoliosis was "in their genes," and somehow "passed down" to their son or daughter. Although a recent article in the scientific journal of Spine stated that no specific gene has even been linked to scoliosis, much of the current resources & energy of the scientific community remain committed to the search.
The idea of a scoliosis gene is preposterous. Perhaps the researchers would save time and money if they were to consider a study published in 1992 suggesting that the cause of scoliosis can be traced to an injury to the part of the brain responsible for coordinating motor & sensory input. This condition, referred to as Kinetic Imbalance due to Suboccipital Strain, or "KISS", is well-documented in scientific literature, and is generally found in newborns due to birth trauma such as Caesarean section, multiple births, prolonged labor, or the use of extraction devices. This clearly makes more sense than a scoliosis gene.
In the study, published in the Journal of Manual Medicine and entitled, "Kinetic Imbalance due to Suboccipital Strain in Newborns," over 600 children with evidence of KISS was evaluated. The authors noted that this condition, if left unchecked, could lead to postural problems such as scoliosis, due to the interference on the nerves that are responsible for coordinating the motor input from the body with the sensory input from the eyes.
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/physics-of-scoliosis.html
In achieving correction of the scoliotic spine, it is important to place emphasis on correcting the loss of cervical curve, also known as cervical kyphosis or hypolordosis. Loss of the curve in your neck will cause the spine below it to buckle. Traditional medical science views the spine as a bridge connecting the head to the pelvis. If a bridge begins to collapse, the correct approach is to try to hold it together by fusing its structure. Chiropractors, however, view the spine as an engine. If the engine in your car starts to run funny, and you fuse the cylinders together, this might not solve the problem. Motion is essential for proper functioning of the spine and the associated soft tissue components.
The reason your spine buckles as the curve in your neck disappears has to do with physics. When you carry your groceries in to your house from your car, you carry the bags close to your body. Increasing the distance between your body and the bags of groceries causes an increase in the apparent weight of your burden. In the same way, holding your head forward puts a greater stress upon your spine. In fact, for every inch the head moves forward from your center of gravity, the apparent weight of your head increases by 10 pounds!Scoliosis Correction Center
One of the easiest ways for the body to adapt to this increased load is to add another curve into the spine. If you are holding a heavy weight in your hand and flex your wrist forward, your elbow will swing out to the side to make it easier for your muscles to support the weight. With our alternative scoliosis treatment, you can correct the scoliosis without bracing.
Why does the curve in your neck disappear?
There may be many different reasons. Sometimes it is a motor vehicle crash, or an incident of trauma. More often, however, it may develop slowly, over time, as we live day-to-day. Studying in school, working at a computer, or focusing on a project on our workbench often requires that we hold our head downwards and forwards for long periods of time. Eventually, this causes the spine to slip, bit by bit, until the muscles become tight and strong. The body then begins to use these stronger muscles more than the weaker ones, reinforcing the change in posture. With the loss of the curve in your neck, the nerves that travel from the brain to every single cell in our body begin to suffer. In a straight neck, with no curve at all, the spinal cord is stretched by 10%. If the neck buckles completely, this can increase to as high as 28%! If somebody pulled on your finger until it was 28% longer, you'd probably complain about it a little.
Why do the doctors at the Scoliosis Correction Center know that restoring the curve in your neck can help to correct a scoliosis? Well, there is research that suggests scoliosis may correct spontaneously if the tension from the spinal cord is removed:
Can Hindbrain Decompression for Syringomyelia Lead to Regression of Scoliosis? European Spine Journal, June 2000; 9(3):198-201
"[16] patients underwent a hindbrain decompression, and... the scoliosis was seen to improve or arrest its progression in 6."
And other researchers have concluded that the spine adapts to a short, taut spinal cord by producing rotation in the spinal column, which will take pressure off of the nerves.
Can a Short Spinal Cord Produce Scoliosis? European Spine Journal, February 2001; 10(1):2-9
"A short, unforgiving spinal cord could produce the abnormal rotatory anatomy observed at the apex of scoliosis..."
Of course, restoring the curve in the neck is only one aspect of our unique approach to scoliosis. Rehabilitating the muscles, tendons, & ligaments is also important, as is re-training the brain to use the postural muscles more evenly. For now, we hope you understand more about how what happens in the neck can affect the rest of the spine, and why it is important not to neglect the top of the spine in scoliosis correction!
Here is more factual information about Scoliosis with which to make informed decisions.
* "The mortality rate (with AIS)(Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis) is 15 %". "Individuals with Scoliosis life expectancy is decreased by 14 years": idiopathic scoliosis:long term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients. J.Bone Joint Surg Am 1981 Jun;63(5):702-12
* "The effects: Reduced life expectancy, it can stunt growth and decrease pulmonary function. It's associated with headaches, shortness of breath, digestive problems, chronic hip, knee and leg pain". National Scoliosis Foundation.
* "The Scoliotic Group was characterized by a decrease in standing stability. Center of Mass (COM) and Center of Pressure (COP) were significantly different between the scoliotic group and the norm." Spine 27(17):1911-1917; 2002
* Scoliosis is not only a deformation of the spinal column, it is also a disease of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system. Scoliosis is more than a 3-dimensional deformation of the spine. It also involves postural disorganization, neuro musculo-skeletal dysfunction and unsynchronized growth patterns. IS (idiopathic scoliosis) could be reinforced by a disrupted integration of vestibular and visual signals at the cortical level". vestibular mechanisms involved in IS: Arch Ital Biol 2002 Jan; 140(1) 67-80
* "There were five times more back surface abonormalities in the blind population. These findings are compatible with a postural etiology of scoliosis in the visually impaired". Conversely there is a decreased incidence of scoliosis in hearing impaired children"; visual deficiency and scoliosis; spine 2001, jan 1;26(1):48-52 what this means is that scoliosis is more than just a twist of the spine but something involving the vestibular system and those that are blind have a higher incidence of scoliosis because of the loss of balance etc with the loss of sight whereas those that can see but can't hear show a decreased incidence since their balance and coordination is usually better than normal
* "After brace treatment we found slight statistically significant increase in the mean lumbar curvature, but no significant change in the mean thoracic curve." changes in curve pattern after brace ( Boston Brace) treatment for IS. Acta Orthop Scand 2002 jun 73(3): 277-81
* "Progression of 6 degrees occurred in 74% of boys and 46% reached surgical thresholds. Bracing of male patients with idiopathic scoliosis is ineffective. Curves measuring >/=30 degrees were very likely to progress to surgery ; effectiveness of bracing male patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Sep 15;26(18);2001-5
* "Since 1991, bracing has not been recommended for children with AIS at this center. If bracing does not reduce the proportion of children with AIS who require surgery for cosmetic improvement of their deformity, it cannot be said to provide meaningful advantage to the patient of the community"; adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the effect of brace treatment on the incidence of surgery. Spine 2001 Jan1;26(1)42-7 Children's Research Center, Dublin, Ireland.
* "The deterioration of the curves was 3.5 degrees for all surgically treated curves and 7.9 degrees for all brace treated curves. Five brace treated patients had a curve increase of 20 degrees or more". Radiologic findings and curve progression 22 years after treatment for AIS: comparison of brace and surgical treatment with matching control group of straight individuals. Spine 2001 Mar 1;26(5):516-25
WHY OUR Scoliosis Treatment IS DIFFERENT!
The work we are doing is based on the fact that scoliosis is not just a spinal curvature, but involves abnormal spinal curves in the neck, as well as hip rotation. Active scoliosis patients always present to the office with forward head posture and a loss of the cervical lordosis (as seen on x-ray). In addition, there is also abnormal biomechanical malpositions of the head and neck. Therefore, before the A-P dimension of scoliosis (the lateral curve you are concerned with) can be corrected, the cervical lordosis must be re-established first. Following this correction, the lateral curve (Cobb angle) is reduced to normal or as close to normal as possible.
Average change with the work we do is a 62 % reduction (permanent, if exercises are done) of the Cobb angle. These results are achieved with a combination of specific spinal adjustments done with instruments, not by hand, specific rehabilitative procedures including proprioceptive neuromuscular re-education, muscle and ligament rehab and vibration therapy.
The scoliotic spine compresses and rotates three dimensionally, therefore it must be de-rotated, and de-compressed in order to achieve correction. At the Scoliosis Correction Center, we use a vibration platform and vibration scoliosis traction chair as well as specific techniques to pull the Cobb angle back into proper alignment.
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/scoliosis-treatment.html
One component is universally lacking in nearly all forms of scoliosis treatment today: the effect of the cervical spine in determining spinal pathology, gait, stance, and overall posture. The head controls all components of the spine below it, much like how the engine controls the direction of a train. Without regard for which direction the locomotive is heading in, how is it possible to control the boxcars behind it? The very first aspect that must be addressed in scoliosis correction is the cervical spine; specifically, correcting the forward head posture by restoring the cervical lordosis and normal ranges of motion in the cervical spine, especially between the atlas and the first cervical vertebra.
Balance and proprioception also play an important role in the rehabilitation of the scoliotic patient.
Scoliosis Treatments. A neurological short leg will always be found at first; this imbalance should be corrected with specific spinal adjustments. Once the patient is balanced, proprioceptive retraining exercises can be prescribed to maintain the correction. One method of reducing forward head posture and retraining postural muscles is deceptively simple: by blocking the superior half of the lens on a pair of glasses, and instructing the patient to wear them for at least twenty minutes, the postural muscles of the neck are retrained to better hold the cervical lordosis in place. Various spinal weights may be placed on the head and/or hips to activate the weakened postural muscles. Also, whole-body vibration therapy (WBV) has been scientifically proven to be extremely effective at proprioceptive re-education. Do NOT make the mistake of trying to "push" a scoliosis out of the spine!
This type of adjustment is foreign to the body, and will be resisted. Most scoliosis braces are ineffective or even harmful because they do exactly this. A scoliotic spine must be visualized and corrected three-dimensionally; the lateral curve will not reduce until the spine has been de-compressed and de-rotated. Adjusting the apex of the curve, whether into the concavity or the convexity, will inevitably make the situation worse. Traction - pulling - is far more effective because it is a subtler, gentler force, and one that is less readily resisted by the body.
Spinal traction chair
At the Scoliosis Correction Center we utilize a specialized scoliosis traction chair that incorporates cervical decompression with lateral thoracic and lumbar traction, and also addresses the rotational aspect of the scoliosis simultaneously. This passive exercise therapy can be performed by the patient at the clinic or at home. This chair is a required home treatment for some patients.
Scoliosis Treatments with stcUsing the Scoliosis Traction Chair
http://www.scoliosiscorrectioncenter.com/casereport.html
Mark W Morningstar, Dennis Woggon and Gary Lawrence
Abstract
Background: The combination of spinal manipulation and various physiotherapeutic procedures used to correct the curvatures associated with scoliosis have been largely unsuccessful. Typically, the goals of these procedures are often to relax, strengthen, or stretch musculotendinous and/or ligamentous structures. In this study, we investigate the possible benefits of combining spinal manipulation, positional traction, and neuromuscular reduction in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.
Methods: A total of 22 patient files were selected to participate in the protocol. Of these, 19 met the study criterion required for analysis of treatment benefits. Antero-posterior radiographs were taken of each subject prior to treatment intervention and 4-6 weeks following the intervention. A Cobb angle was drawn and analyzed on each radiograph, so pre and post comparisons could be made.
Results: After 4-6 weeks of scoliosis treatment, the treatment group averaged a 17° reduction in their Cobb angle measurements. None of the patients' Cobb angles increased. A total of 3 subjects were dismissed from the study for noncompliance relating to home care instructions, leaving 19 subjects to be evaluated post-intervention.
Conclusions: The combined use of spinal manipulation and postural therapy appeared to significantly reduce the severity of the Cobb angle in all 19 subjects. These results warrant further testing of this protocol.
Background
In the MEDLINE- indexed literature, chiropractic treatment has shown to be largely ineffective at significantly reducing scoliotic curvatures. Chiropractic treatment for scoliosis typically consists of spinal manipulation, electric stimulation, some form of isotonic, active exercises, and shoe lifts [1]. However, Lantz et al [2] has shown that these procedures, when applied over a one-year duration, were not sufficient to significantly reduce the Cobb angle of a scoliotic curvature.
The scoliosis treatment in this study focuses on the reduction of scoliosis by manipulative and rehabilitative methods not commonly used by most chiropractors. The major difference in this scoliosis treatment compared to others is that stimulation of the involuntary postural reflexes is utilized in the clinic setting as well as in home care. Many of the proposed etiologies of idiopathic scoliosis are neurological in origin, including brain asymmetry [3], neural axis deformities [4], and central nervous system processing errors [5]. Additionally, many coexistent neurological alterations are present in scoliosis patients, such as visual deficiency [6] and decreased postural stability [7,8]. Therefore, the goals of the proposed scoliosis treatment are not only to reduce the scoliotic curvatures, but also to rehabilitate any underlying postural and neurological weaknesses or imbalances. Previous chiropractic authors have investigated the effectiveness of various physiotherapeutic modalities in the treatment of scoliosis, such as Pilates [9], stretching and massage [10], therapeutic exercises [11], orthotics [2], and ultrasound or electric stimulation [1]. The purpose of the present study is to investigate any possible benefits from combining manipulative and rehabilitative techniques from a randomized sample collected from various chiropractic facilities. Preliminary evidence [12] suggests that these procedures may be beneficial for reducing the curvatures associated with scoliosis.
Methods
A nonrandomized set of 22 patients participated in the study. The age range of the subject group was 15-65 years of age. The patients were selected from 3 different chiropractic facilities in the United States. Patients were evaluated according to their chief complaint at initial presentation. Patients were excluded from the study if neoplasm, malignancy, fracture, scoliosis secondary to genetic disorders, or previous arthrodesis were identified. Each patient was examined radiographically for location and severity of scoliosis with standing anteroposterior full spine imaging. All patients removed their shoes for the imaging. Cobb angles were drawn on each radiograph to identify the degree of curvature present.
A specific treatment plan was created based upon the results of each patient's radiographic measurements before and after a sample trial of the proposed clinical procedures. Initially, standing lateral cervical, nasium, lateral lumbar, and anteroposterior lumbopelvic views were taken. These views were taken to quantify forward head posture, cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis, the sacral base angle, and the Cobb angle of the major lateral curvature. We decided to use the radiographic positioning and analysis outlined by Harrison et al [13-16], due to its previously published reliability. After these images were taken, each patient was fitted with a 4-lb anterior headweight. They were instructed to walk around with the headweight for 10 minutes.
After 10 minutes, a follow-up lateral cervical radiograph was taken while wearing the anterior head-weight. The purpose of this lateral stress view is to evaluate the potential improvement in cervical lordosis and reduction in forward head posture from using these procedures [17,18]. The basis for this aspect of the protocol is based upon the inherent properties of a curved column. In the spine, lateral spinal displacements may occur when the normal sagittal spinal curves [19-22] are flattened, reversed, or accentuated. These curves are necessary for the overall strength and flexibility of the curved spinal column, according to the Delmas Index [23]. Therefore, the proposed treatment is intended to restore a normal cervical and lumbar lordosis, and reduce forward head posture before the scoliotic curvatures are addressed.
The specific manipulative and rehabilitative procedures used in this study are designed to both reduce the scoliotic curvature and theoretically retrain the involuntary neuromuscular, reflexive control of posture and balance. However, the specific neurological effects, if any, remain to be investigated. Some of the procedures have been separately introduced or tested [17,18,24-26]. The manipulative procedures included an upper cervical adjustment designed to mobilize the atlantal-occipital joint with the use of a percussive instrument. This technique is shown in Figure 1. This technique is delivered to patients whose lateral cervical radiographs demonstrated atlanto-occipital flexion. If atlanto-occipital extension was present on the initial lateral cervical radiograph, a -Z drop piece was used to mobilize the occiput into flexion. This is also shown in Figure 1.
An anterior thoracic adjustment was administered with the patient's thoracic cage rotated opposite to the rotational displacement. A thoracic drop piece was also used to mobilize and correct the smaller upper thoracic curvature. Side posture lumbopelvic adjustments were delivered bilaterally to correct the rotational component of the pelvic misalignment. These side posture manipulations were performed on a 30°-incline bench to help pre-stress the spine out of its existing scoliotic curvatures.
Certain traction procedures are also employed. These procedures are delivered using high-density foam blocks to pre-stress the spine into specific positions so ligament deformation and stress-relaxation can take place. Supine pelvic blocking was performed on each patient for 15 minutes. The position of the blocks was determined by each patient's pelvic rotation on radiograph and posture analysis. One block is placed under the iliac crest of the posterior ilium, and the other block is placed under the femoral head of the opposite, anteriorly-rotated ilium.
Figure 2 illustrates the position of the pelvic blocks. The rehabilitative procedures, demonstrated in Figure 3, included the use of head, shoulder, and hip weighting devices. These devices may be used while simultaneously performing specific balancing exercises. These exercises include the use of a Pettibon Wobble Chair ® and a Posturomed® [17]. Tjernstrom et al [27] showed that repeated performance of a postural alteration induces a long-term motor memory for achieving that novel postural position. The position of the body weighting was also determined radiographically for each patient. Initially, hip weights and shoulder weights were applied according to each patient's posture analysis. Anteroposterior cervicothoracic and lumbopelvic views were taken while wearing the head and body weighting.
Since changes in spinal position are not reliably seen by visualization [28,29], these stress radiographs were taken to confirm their corrective effects.
The attending physician treated each patient 3 times per week for the first 4-6 weeks. A total of 3 physicians performed the treatment intervention for all patients. However, each patient did not receive identical treatment at all visits. The physicians performed only those manipulative procedures that were deemed necessary based upon a visual posture analysis at the beginning of each treatment session. However, the rehabilitative procedures remained constant throughout the study for all patients.
Specific home care exercise programs were taught to each patient. These exercises were performed on a daily basis. Each patient was instructed to wear the head and body weighting twice daily for 15 minutes each time. Secondly, each patient was given a set of triangular foam blocks to lie on once daily for 20 minutes, immediately prior to going to bed at night. The foam blocks were positioned under the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar regions simultaneously.
The position of these blocks is shown in Figure 4.
Patients participating in any weightlifting activities were required to cease those activities until further notice from the attending physician. Patients who failed to perform the home care more than 3 times were dismissed from the study. A total of 3 subjects were eventually dismissed, leaving 19 subjects to perform post-intervention evaluations.
Results
At the conclusion of the trial period, a post-intervention radiographic study was conducted. The same anteroposterior full spine view was taken, and Cobb angles were againmeasured at the same vertebral levels. The average starting Cobb angle was found to be 28°, while the post-intervention Cobb angles measured an average of 11°, for an overall average reduction of 17°.
Scoliosis
The picture on the left demonstrates the mechanically assisted manipulation used when a patient's skull is restricted in extension on lateral cervical radiograph Figure 1.
The picture on the right is the procedure used when the skull flexion is restricted.
Every patient made at least a 25% improvement. The largest improvement measured 33°, and the smallest improvement measured 8°. Table 1 shows the results of all 19 patients that followed through with the entire treatment plan. Figure 5 is a sample of the improvements made by a few of the patients. It is important to mention that these patients were initially treated prior to this study. Because of this, the pre and post treatment radiographs had previously been analyzed for saggital curve and Cobb angle measurements. For purposes of this study, however, all of the radiographs were sent to a single chiropractic physician to analyze each of the patient files. This physician did not participate in the treatment process, nor did this physician have contact with any of the patients. This was performed to separate examiner bias from the treatment results. While only radiographic procedures were reported for this study, other physiologic parameters were utilized to document patient progress. Unfortunately, since the patient files were extracted from 3 different spine clinics, a consistent functional or symptomatic measure was not used in all 22 cases. A functional rating index, a visual analog scale, and SF-36 were used on the patients here. As a result, these values are not reported to avoid variability in outcome interpretation.
Discussion
Scoliosis has recently been associated with a lower quality of life [30-32], lower scores on the SF-36 health question-
This picture shows the placement of the pelvic blocks for an anterior right ilium Figure 2
This picture shows the placement of the pelvic blocks for an anterior right ilium. The blocks are placed opposite of the pelvic rotation.
naire [33], and makes patients prone to developing chronic pain more often than the general population [34].Therefore, reducing scoliotic curvatures, even in the absence of symptoms, seems to be a worthy outcome objective for clinical practice. This opinion is further supported by recent evidence of the deleterious effects of abnormal spinal loading [35-37]. Given that the average curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis is 7.03° per year [38], the traditional method of regular observation without treatment seems to be reactionary rather than corrective or preventive.
Spinal manipulation alone does not appear to significantly alter spinal structure when administered as a sole treatment modality [39,40]. Therefore, in the instance of scoliosis, treatment should include the use of both manipulative and rehabilitative procedures, so that structural changes can be attempted. It is important to stress that spinal manipulation was avoided, when possible, in the present study. Unpublished clinical observation by the authors has shown that over-manipulating or adjusting the spine seems to create a certain amount of instability, possibly leading to further buckling of the scoliotic curvature. The significance of home care to the results was not reported here. It is unknown how the omission of home care would have affected the outcome measurements, given that 3 subjects were dropped from the study for noncompliance in performing home care. Future research should account for this potential variable to determine its necessity and relevance. The outcome measures for this study are divided into a series of both short-term and long-term goals. The outcome of the initial stage of care is to reduce forward head.
The above picture illustrates a sample placement of the Pettibon Bodyweighting SystemFigure 3
The above picture illustrates a sample placement of the Pettibon Bodyweighting System. Here we have an anterior headweight, right shoulderweight, and left-back and right-front hipweights.
posture and improve the sagittal cervical and lumbar curves. As the position of the head migrates forward, or away from the body's vertical axis, increased strain is placed upon the muscles of the head, neck and shoulders. Cailliet and Zohn indicated that an additional 10 inch/lbs of leverage is added to the spinal system in a forward head posture [41,42]. Additionally, this added leverage causes increased isometric contraction of various spinal muscles, such as the splenius capitis, trapezius, SCM, and levator scapula. Sjogaard et al [43] reported that blood flow through a given muscle is decreased as a muscles contraction increases, being virtually cut off at 50-60% contraction. The resultant lack of blood flow forces the muscle to rely on anaerobic metabolism. As anaerobic metabolism progresses, metabolites such as substance P, bradykinin, and histamine build up and excite chemosensitive pain receptors, causing a barrage of nociceptive afferent input [44], resulting in dysafferentation [45]. Being that postural control is largely dependant upon cervical joint mechanoreceptors and afferent input from ligament and musculotendinous sources [46,47], correcting the postural distortions responsible for this pathophysiologic process may be beneficial in patient populations, such as scoliosis, where postural control is significantly altered [48]. The effects of the loss of cervical and lumbar lordosis have been previously reported [19,35-37]. Rhee et al [49] noted that correction of the sagittal curves might be related to the long-term health of the spine in scoliosis management. Harrison et al [35] illustrated how a loss of the sagittal curve alters the mechanical properties of the spinal.
This figure shows a demonstration of the positional traction procedureFigure 4
This figure shows a demonstration of the positional traction procedure. The cervical block is placed under the patient's cervicothoracic junction, allowing the head to extend back over the sloped portion of the block. The low back support is placed under the patient's thoracolumbar junction, posterior to the lowest palpable ribs. The blocks are outlined in white cord and nerve roots, which may change the firing patterns of involved neurons. Schafer illustrated how an increased demand is placed upon the cervical musculature when the cervical curve is straightened or reversed [50]. It is important that the cervical spine be in a normal structural alignment. A loss of the cervical lordosis and concomitant forward head posture may elicit the pelvoocular reflex, which causes an anterior pelvic translation to balance the head's center of gravity [51]. Wu et al [52,53] point out that in postural control, preference is given to the position of the head, neck, and trunk.
Therefore, correction of the cervical spine becomes imperative so that the rest of the spine can be rehabilitated in relation to a normal reference point in space. Once the cervical and lumbar lordoses are corrected, coronal reduction of the scoliotic curvatures begins. Here this was accomplished by adding a shoulderweight to the right shoulder and a hipweight to the anterior right ilium and posterior left ilium. Wu and Essien [53] have previously reported the effects of adding external weight to the upper body via a shoulder weight. They identified predictable patterns in which the trunk would compensate for the amount and position of the weight. Wu and MacLeod [52] identified a shift in the center of mass toward the added weight when placed on the side of the pelvis. However, the trunk and head remained in the same position, while the pelvis and lower extremities shifted to counteract the weight while supporting the head and trunk [52].
In this protocol, we created an environment where external weight was added to the head, shoulder, and pelvic regions simultaneously. Knowing the predictable patterns of compensatory shifting to an altered center of gravity, we placed the headweight, shoulderweight, and hip- weights in areas designed to reduce each patient's specific spinal distortion patterns. Learning a new motor coordination skill can be divided into 3 phases: cognitive, associative, and autonomous [54]. In the cognitive phase, the patient performs the motor task repetitively to learn until the task requirements are understood. As the patient progresses through the associative and autonomous phases, the task becomes easier to perform, and may ultimately be performed in a variety of practical contexts with decreased repetitions [54].
While Lantz et al [2] have shown that chiropractic management, consisting of a combination of manipulative procedures, electric stimulation, and orthotic inserts did not significantly reduce a scoliosis, this treatment does not incorporate these physiotherapeutic procedures. Instead, this treatment requires the use of specific rehabilitative equipment that theoretically recruits the use of head, neck, trunk, and extremity postural reflexes to create specific adaptation to an altered center of gravity and field of gaze. The study design used here does present specific limitations. Due to the lack of a control group, comparative data and conclusions cannot be made. Additionally, a retrospective design does not blind the practitioners to treatment. Although we attempted to select patient files at random from 3 separate spine clinics, nonrandomized.
Table 1: Cobb Angle Measurements after 4-6 Weeks (Degrees)
Subject # Sex/Age Initial Post Reduction
1 F/193224 8
2 M/1723 8 15
3F/1529 11 18
4F/6452 19 33
5 F/1619 4 15
6F/2228 11 17
7 F/2716 2 14
8F/3425 11 14
9F/2135 20 15
10 F/41 28 13 15
11 F/53 40 22 18
12 F/18 31 9 22
13 F/16 27 14 13
14 F/20 33 7 26
15 F/23 32 18 14
16 F/15 16 4 12
17 M/33 15 4 11
18 M/24 21 6 15
19 F/25 38 11 17
sample populations such as ours do not necessarily reflect the potential outcomes in a general population. Therefore, future studies in this area should incorporate a control group and a randomized patient population. Followup studies should also focus on the potential long-term benefits of conservative scoliosis treatment, given the relative scarcity of biomedical literature available on longterm benefits from any scoliosis treatment.
Within the design limitations of the present study, the combined use of manipulative and neuromuscular rehabilitation seemed to reduce scoliotic curvatures in 19 subjects by an average of 17°. This reduction took place within a 4 to 6-week period. Although this treatment was not tested over the long term, the magnitude of the present results warrants further studies into its effectiveness. This treatment should also be tested on specific types of scoliosis in follow-up trials. A long-term investigation of this protocol is desirable.
Competing interests
This manuscript was submitted by Spinal Technologies, a BioMed Central institutional member. The rehabilitation equipment used in this study is patented by Burl R Pettibon, DC and Spinal Technologies. MWM is the Director of Research for the Pettibon Biomechanics Institute, and an active postgraduate instructor for Spinal Technologies.
MWM does not receive monetary compensation for this position. Rather, he is granted funding from Spinal Technologies to obtain biomedical literature and statistician services. DW is a past postgraduate instructor for Spinal Technologies, founder and director of the CLEAR Institute, and CEO of the Flex Neck Company. GL is an active postgraduate instructor for Spinal Technologies. The authors receive lecture fees for each continuing education seminar conducted. All 3 authors maintain private.
This figure illustrates some of the pre and post x-rays taken after 4-6 weeks of treatmentFigure 5
This figure illustrates some of the pre and post x-rays taken after 4-6 weeks of treatment.
52° 19°
chiropractic practices from where all of the patient files in this study were taken. None of the above companies donated, funded, or reimbursed any monies or equipment for this study. None of the authors have any ownership in Spinal Technologies or its subsidiary companies, and none will gain any financial interest as a result of this paper.
Authors' contributions
Each author worked on one-third of the patient population. The first author was responsible for collecting the data and putting our findings into written format.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Darin Weeks and Cassi Little for procedure demonstration.
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Published: 14 September 2004
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2004, 5:32 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-5-32
Received: 22 April 2004
Accepted: 14 September 2004
Spine. 26(1):48-52, January 1, 2001. Catanzariti, Jean F. MD; Salomez, Elisabeth MD +; Bruandet, Jean M. MD; Thevenon, Andre MD
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
UPD 19/03/2013: Ещё один из той же серии: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EXx-4wtm9A
C.L.E.A.R. Non-Surgical Scoliosis Treatment Method. Janzen and Janzen Chiropractic, in Campbell, California (near San Jose) is a C.L.E.A.R. Certified Scoliosis Treatment Center.
Treatment involves exercise, traction, massage, chiropractic adjustments, and proprioceptive neuromuscular re-education. Conservative concepts from Schroth and CLEAR institute are applied.
Every scoliosis case is different, and results vary widely from case to case. This story highlights just what is possible with conservative treatment, and the importance of pursuing conservative, early intervention for scoliosis.
Find more information at http://www.stopscoliosis.com or http://www.janzenandjanzen.com
http://www.clear-institute.org/