More brainstorming
Continuing WOSP 1
To Be Done
Pronunciation, classes, conjunctions
Pronunciation
I haven't decided yet. I have an idea of it inside my head, which is basically "kind of like Swahili". I *do* know that stress falls on the penultimate syllable, unless marked otherwise with an accent mark. Vowel length is contrasted. Syllables are technically comprised of one consonant followed by a vowel, but there are exceptions, especially in colloquial speech (eg, "-kasá" (owner) from the verb "kasa-" (to own) often becomes "-aksá" when declined, baksá being easier to pronounce than b'kasá).
For now:
Every letter is pronounced separately and consistently, more or less the way it is in English. X is either a velar fricative (ch in Bach) or a ks sound just like in English. ' indicates that the preceding consonant is pronounced as its own syllable. Vowels are closer to Spanish (or the IPA): a - father, e - bed, i - meet, o - locate, u - dune.
(I wish English had a grammatical way of indicating the "permanence" of a statement, so I don't have to go out of my way to specify "this I'm sure about" / "this could change" / "this *will* change".)
Nouns
Cases
subject: r-
object: d-
causal: b-
vocative: -
The vocative/neutral case is formed differently depending on the class of the noun, and is the only one (so far) with truly irregular forms:
bwadiru (dangerous things): bw-
fila (two legged/vertical/graceful things): f-
siena ha (four legged/horizontal things): s-
ósati (wet/swimming things): o-
cioka (things that "fly"): c-
wewa (round/cyclical things): w-
anuhe (humans/misc things): random; humans: t-
Note: when the root of the noun begins with a consonant, the case prefix is separated with (') and pronounced as a separate syllable.
There are no articles. "The cat" and "a cat" are exactly the same.
Number is indicated by putting the number after the noun. (Cats ate dinner = dinner(object) cats(subject)-many ate.)
Classes
The noun classes are derived from the 7 "layers" of the world/universe and have religious significance.
Note: The numbers of the classes here are completely arbitrary.
1) bwadiru: dangerous things (includes: women/females (especially mothers), fire, weapons)
2) fila:two legged things / vertical things / things that move "well" (generally animals, especially tree-dwelling ones and/or primates, though rarely humans; includes: dancers, orangutans, squirrels, trees)
3) siena ha: four legged things / horizontal things (includes: most four legged animals, tables, raised platforms, a human on their hands an knees, fallen logs)
4) ósati: things that "swim" (includes: most fish, underwater plants, swimming humans)
5) cioka: things that "fly" (includes: most birds, air transported seeds, clouds)
6) wewa: round / cyclical things (includes: time words, the seasons, the moon, the sun, years, circles, rocks, the planet)
7) anuhe: masculine / misc words
Class agrees with all associated nouns and adjectives, and affect how an adjective is formed from a noun.
Person
Normally indicated through word order: you-it-I
Example (mati = move; -i = pronoun):
I give it to you. (or: I cause it to go to you.)
you(object) it(subject) move I(cause)
di ri mati bi.
You give it to me.
you(causal) it(subject) I(object) move
bi ri di mati.
If a person is missing, 'i' (I/you/it in null case) indicates that it's not there. For this reason, many sentences without the 2nd person seem to begin with a random 'i', which is in fact acting as a place holder for 'you'. This can be perceived as implying that 'you' are always part of a sentence, even by your absence, in a way that 'it' can be and 'I' never am.
Note: '-ia' is often used to mean, "you (with no it)". The use of '-ia' vs '-i i' is mostly a regional thing.
Example:
You go. = ri mati.
It goes = i ri mati.
I go = ii ri mati.
I give it. = i ri mati bi.
I give you. = ri i mati bi.
I give you. = ria mati bi.
However, nouns are often used in place of pronouns:
I give it to him.
(object)person-subject-go-I(cause)
i danu ri mati bi
or
object-(subject)thing-go-I(cause)
i di rebo mati bi
He gives it to him.
(object)person-(subject)thing-(cause)person-go
i danu rebo banu mati
Posessives, Reflexives & Emphasis
For posessives, reflexives, and emphasis, there are separate words indicating person:
your - we
its - se
my - be
Posessives:
A possessive follows the noun it's modifying (my thing = -ebo be).
Reflexives:
There are three ways of forming reflexive sentences.
A reflexive verb can be used. Eg, I kill myself = [you it] I(subject) self-kill. See verbs for how to form reflexive verbs.
The third person can be used, with nouns instead of pronouns refering to "me" or "you" (Elisabeth will kill herself). It is considered "proper" to for at least one of the nouns included to be a noun directly associated with the person in question (generally a name or title). Colloquially, however, people will frequently say something like, "It will kill itself" in reference to themselves or the person they're talking to.
There is also a third construction that roughly parallels the English "myself", which gives a pronoun person independent of word order by treating it like a possessive. Literally, the it translates to "ones owner". My-/your-/itself = kasá be/we/se (kasá = owner). Note: When actually referring to someone who "owns" you, you'd use "akasá" instead of "kasá". Unless you're not human, in which case things get confusing. But trees don't usually talk, so it's ok. >>;
Examples (mati = move; -i = pronoun; -anu = person; -ebo = thing):
I give it to myself.
[you] it(sub) owner(obj) my I(causal) go
i ri daksá be bi mati.
I give myself to myself.
i baksá daksá be bi mati.
I give my thing to his person. = i danu se rebo be mati bi. = [you] person(object) his thing(subject) my go(present) I(causal)
I give my thing to its person. = i danu se rebose be mati bi. = [you] person(object) his thing-owner(subject) my go(present) I(causal)
Emphasis:
Emphasis can shown by making a word self-possessive.
I give my thing to him. = i danu rebo be mati bi. = [you] person(object) thing(subject) my go I(causal)
I give my thing to *him*. = i danu se rebo be mati bi. = [you] person(object) his thing(subject) my go(present) I(causal); (Note: can also mean "I gave my thing to his person"; however, it cannot mean "I gave my thing to it's person", see posessives.)
Number
Number is expressed by putting the number as an adjective after the noun. In a string of adjectives, the number follows immediately after the noun. However, other adjectives can come between the noun and the number if they are acting as part of the noun (where English might use hyphens to connect the two words).
I give them to you. (na - many)
you(object) it(subject) many move I(cause)
di ri nai mati bi.
Plural pronouns are treated the same way. Note that "I many" is usually "exclusive we" (excludes "you"). It *can* include "you", especially if "you" and "me and you" have separate roles in the sentences (we[you and I] give it to you), but in general, it doesn't. For inclusive we, people often say either "you many" or say both "you" and "I" separately (but in the same case), or "you […] and I" or "both you […] and I". Alternately, they'll say "you and myself" or "you and [speaker's name]".
Adjectives
Adjectives follow the noun they're modifying and agree with the noun in class. They can also modify verbs (or there is no distinction between adverbs and adjectives), in which are given a "verbal case". Adjectives that are being modified by other adjectives are given an "adjectival case".
1: bwa
2: fi
3: sie
4: osa
5: cio
6: wewa
7: unmodified
7.5 (-i nouns): -i
Verbal: vu
Adjectival: -it & [class of noun being modified]
Verbs
plain (-) relative clause consonantvowelconsonant (el-)vowel (lo-)plain (-i)indicative: -i-i-i-el-i-lo hearsay: -(a)j-i-aj-i-j-i-el-aj-i-lo-j-i speculative: -(e)n-i-en-i-n-i-el-en-i-lo-n-i uncertain/future: -ika-ika-ika-el-ika-l-ikareflexive (-as/sa-)indicative: -as/-sa-as-sa-el-as-lo-sa hearsay: -(i)j-as-ij-as-j-as-el-ij-as-lo-j-as speculative: -(e)n-as-en-as-n-as-el-en-as-lo-n-as uncartain/future: -ika-sa-ika-sa-ika-sa-el-ika-sa-l-ika-sa
Negatives: ha- (You don't have it. = Ri debo hasali.)
The location of the verb is relatively loose. Things before the verb are more important/closer connected to each other than things after the verb. So, "di ri mati bi" sets "I" appart from "you" and "it", indicating more of a connection between "you" and "it" than "I". "Bi ri di mati" indicates that each noun is equally connected/important. (Both of these statements are more or less neutral to the listener; "Bi ri mati di" would indicate that you are very closely connected to it, while I'm unimportant.)
When necessary, tense is indicated through seperate words (eg, tomorrow, yesterday, in the future...).
Reflexives
In verbs whose roots end in vowel, the reflexive is formed by inserting "-sa-" between the root and the tense ending. In verbs whose roots end in consonants, the "-as-" is used in place of "-sa-".
kasa- (own) => kasesa- (note: kasá is irregular; were it regular, the reflexive would be kasasa-)
mat- (go) => matas-
Conjunctions
and, both ... and
or (inclusive, exclusive), neither ... nor, either ... or
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are marked through the verb.
I give my mother the fruit that she likes. (to-mother apple that-likes she I give.)
[you] mother(obj) fruit(sub) (that)likes [you] she(subject) go I(causal).
i demima rerali sanilo iri mati bi.
Word Order
Other than indicating person, word order is relatively lose, especially the location of the verb.
Things before the verb are more important/closer connected to each other than things after the verb.
(To you it give I)
Di ri mati bi. - it's yours now :D (neutral)
Di ri bi mati. - I gave it to you.
Di mati ri bi. - *cough* it was mine
Mati di ri bi. - emphasizing the verb
In a neutral statement, the first person is often demoted in importance by being placed after the verb. The second person is always given highest importance as the very first word, no matter what. Most sentences start with 'i', indicating that there is no 2nd person. The 'i' is only left out either when you have the pronoun "you" or when you're talking to something in the 3rd person (eg, talking to a cat, but still saying 'cat', saying sort of "you-cat"; this is more common in this language than in English).
Word order technically only indicates person with pronouns--nouns are all inherently 3rd person, though they can be ordered like pronouns. Eg, If Elisabeth is speaking to Katherine and using the 3rd person says, "Elisabeth gives it to Katherine" she would say "Katherine(object) ri Elisabeth(causal) mati" (ri = it-subject). Depending on what she wants to say, she can include the "i" place holder (making Katherine truly 3rd person) and/or place Elisabeth after the verb (making Elisabeth truly 1st person) without changing the neutrality of the sentence (though subtly changing the meaning).
People frequently make use of the 3rd person in place of 1st/2nd, often (though not always) still treating names/nouns as pronouns (replacing the "i" place holder with [noun referring to you] and keeping the word order the same except for emphasis). People also use "kasá b/we" ("my/yourself") in place of a typical pronoun, allowing them to further manipulate word order for emphasis. However, this is considered "incorrect" and "uneducated" use of the language.
Note that the rest of the examples here may or may not be in the most neutral word order possible.
Questions
yes/no questions end with ", e?"
Yes and No
Negation:
Interjection: sor (also: so, so-so, saa, sa-sa)
Sentences: sa (I do not give it(thing) to him(person). = i sa danu rebo mati bi)
Words:
-as- (nothing = -asebo; no one = -asanu)
-ha (someone other than him = -anu-ha; something other than it = -ebo-ha)
ha- (not have = hasali)
Emphasis/yes:
Interjection: jen (also: je, jaa, ja', ja-ja)
Sentences: jia (I do give it(thing) to him(person). = i jia danu rebo mati bi)
Words: -ja (I give it(thing) to him(person). = i danu-ja rebo mati bi)
Vocabulary
Verbs
jia - to be/do
sa - to not be/not do
mat- - to go
sal- - to have
san- - to like
kasa- - to own
akasa- - to "own" a human (depending on dialect/context, usage includes: "to own as a slave", "to be (someone's) god", "to rule (someone) as king", "to be the husband/parent/teacher of", "to be the lover of", "to be a friend of". It always implies some amount of dominance over the person, or (especially with friends) some control over them/their actions, though generally not in a negative way.)
Nouns
Class 1 (bw-)
-emima - mother
Class 6 (w)
-erali - fruit
Class 7 (_)
(ny)aami - understanding (of something)
People: (t)
-i - pronoun
-anu - person
-ebo - thing
*-kasá / -aksá - owner / one who owns something; -sa is a suffix indicating that the noun being modified owns something; it is often used in conjunction with the 3rd person possessive (eg, -anu se -ebose)
-akasá - roughly "master", see akasa- (verb) for range of meanings.
Misc
iki - a little
sor - no (also: so, so-so, saa, sa-sa)
jen - yes (also: je, jaa, ja', ja-ja)
na - many
*the root itself is "kasá", from to the verb "kasa-" meaning "to own", but in most dialects it's pronounced "-aksá"; in general, nouns beginning with k (and possibly other letters; I haven't decided which) will either have an extra vowel inserted before the the k when declined. This vowel is always the "dominant" vowel sound of the word--the first vowel, the stressed vowel or the most common vowel. (Which would, theoretically make it "-akasá"). However, (especially with more common words or words where adding a vowel would make it into a different word) the first two letters will simply switch places. Since -akasá is already a word, it
To Be Done
Pronunciation, classes, conjunctions
Pronunciation
I haven't decided yet. I have an idea of it inside my head, which is basically "kind of like Swahili". I *do* know that stress falls on the penultimate syllable, unless marked otherwise with an accent mark. Vowel length is contrasted. Syllables are technically comprised of one consonant followed by a vowel, but there are exceptions, especially in colloquial speech (eg, "-kasá" (owner) from the verb "kasa-" (to own) often becomes "-aksá" when declined, baksá being easier to pronounce than b'kasá).
For now:
Every letter is pronounced separately and consistently, more or less the way it is in English. X is either a velar fricative (ch in Bach) or a ks sound just like in English. ' indicates that the preceding consonant is pronounced as its own syllable. Vowels are closer to Spanish (or the IPA): a - father, e - bed, i - meet, o - locate, u - dune.
(I wish English had a grammatical way of indicating the "permanence" of a statement, so I don't have to go out of my way to specify "this I'm sure about" / "this could change" / "this *will* change".)
Nouns
Cases
subject: r-
object: d-
causal: b-
vocative: -
The vocative/neutral case is formed differently depending on the class of the noun, and is the only one (so far) with truly irregular forms:
bwadiru (dangerous things): bw-
fila (two legged/vertical/graceful things): f-
siena ha (four legged/horizontal things): s-
ósati (wet/swimming things): o-
cioka (things that "fly"): c-
wewa (round/cyclical things): w-
anuhe (humans/misc things): random; humans: t-
Note: when the root of the noun begins with a consonant, the case prefix is separated with (') and pronounced as a separate syllable.
There are no articles. "The cat" and "a cat" are exactly the same.
Number is indicated by putting the number after the noun. (Cats ate dinner = dinner(object) cats(subject)-many ate.)
Classes
The noun classes are derived from the 7 "layers" of the world/universe and have religious significance.
Note: The numbers of the classes here are completely arbitrary.
1) bwadiru: dangerous things (includes: women/females (especially mothers), fire, weapons)
2) fila:two legged things / vertical things / things that move "well" (generally animals, especially tree-dwelling ones and/or primates, though rarely humans; includes: dancers, orangutans, squirrels, trees)
3) siena ha: four legged things / horizontal things (includes: most four legged animals, tables, raised platforms, a human on their hands an knees, fallen logs)
4) ósati: things that "swim" (includes: most fish, underwater plants, swimming humans)
5) cioka: things that "fly" (includes: most birds, air transported seeds, clouds)
6) wewa: round / cyclical things (includes: time words, the seasons, the moon, the sun, years, circles, rocks, the planet)
7) anuhe: masculine / misc words
Class agrees with all associated nouns and adjectives, and affect how an adjective is formed from a noun.
Person
Normally indicated through word order: you-it-I
Example (mati = move; -i = pronoun):
I give it to you. (or: I cause it to go to you.)
you(object) it(subject) move I(cause)
di ri mati bi.
You give it to me.
you(causal) it(subject) I(object) move
bi ri di mati.
If a person is missing, 'i' (I/you/it in null case) indicates that it's not there. For this reason, many sentences without the 2nd person seem to begin with a random 'i', which is in fact acting as a place holder for 'you'. This can be perceived as implying that 'you' are always part of a sentence, even by your absence, in a way that 'it' can be and 'I' never am.
Note: '-ia' is often used to mean, "you (with no it)". The use of '-ia' vs '-i i' is mostly a regional thing.
Example:
You go. = ri mati.
It goes = i ri mati.
I go = ii ri mati.
I give it. = i ri mati bi.
I give you. = ri i mati bi.
I give you. = ria mati bi.
However, nouns are often used in place of pronouns:
I give it to him.
(object)person-subject-go-I(cause)
i danu ri mati bi
or
object-(subject)thing-go-I(cause)
i di rebo mati bi
He gives it to him.
(object)person-(subject)thing-(cause)person-go
i danu rebo banu mati
Posessives, Reflexives & Emphasis
For posessives, reflexives, and emphasis, there are separate words indicating person:
your - we
its - se
my - be
Posessives:
A possessive follows the noun it's modifying (my thing = -ebo be).
Reflexives:
There are three ways of forming reflexive sentences.
A reflexive verb can be used. Eg, I kill myself = [you it] I(subject) self-kill. See verbs for how to form reflexive verbs.
The third person can be used, with nouns instead of pronouns refering to "me" or "you" (Elisabeth will kill herself). It is considered "proper" to for at least one of the nouns included to be a noun directly associated with the person in question (generally a name or title). Colloquially, however, people will frequently say something like, "It will kill itself" in reference to themselves or the person they're talking to.
There is also a third construction that roughly parallels the English "myself", which gives a pronoun person independent of word order by treating it like a possessive. Literally, the it translates to "ones owner". My-/your-/itself = kasá be/we/se (kasá = owner). Note: When actually referring to someone who "owns" you, you'd use "akasá" instead of "kasá". Unless you're not human, in which case things get confusing. But trees don't usually talk, so it's ok. >>;
Examples (mati = move; -i = pronoun; -anu = person; -ebo = thing):
I give it to myself.
[you] it(sub) owner(obj) my I(causal) go
i ri daksá be bi mati.
I give myself to myself.
i baksá daksá be bi mati.
I give my thing to his person. = i danu se rebo be mati bi. = [you] person(object) his thing(subject) my go(present) I(causal)
I give my thing to its person. = i danu se rebose be mati bi. = [you] person(object) his thing-owner(subject) my go(present) I(causal)
Emphasis:
Emphasis can shown by making a word self-possessive.
I give my thing to him. = i danu rebo be mati bi. = [you] person(object) thing(subject) my go I(causal)
I give my thing to *him*. = i danu se rebo be mati bi. = [you] person(object) his thing(subject) my go(present) I(causal); (Note: can also mean "I gave my thing to his person"; however, it cannot mean "I gave my thing to it's person", see posessives.)
Number
Number is expressed by putting the number as an adjective after the noun. In a string of adjectives, the number follows immediately after the noun. However, other adjectives can come between the noun and the number if they are acting as part of the noun (where English might use hyphens to connect the two words).
I give them to you. (na - many)
you(object) it(subject) many move I(cause)
di ri nai mati bi.
Plural pronouns are treated the same way. Note that "I many" is usually "exclusive we" (excludes "you"). It *can* include "you", especially if "you" and "me and you" have separate roles in the sentences (we[you and I] give it to you), but in general, it doesn't. For inclusive we, people often say either "you many" or say both "you" and "I" separately (but in the same case), or "you […] and I" or "both you […] and I". Alternately, they'll say "you and myself" or "you and [speaker's name]".
Adjectives
Adjectives follow the noun they're modifying and agree with the noun in class. They can also modify verbs (or there is no distinction between adverbs and adjectives), in which are given a "verbal case". Adjectives that are being modified by other adjectives are given an "adjectival case".
1: bwa
2: fi
3: sie
4: osa
5: cio
6: wewa
7: unmodified
7.5 (-i nouns): -i
Verbal: vu
Adjectival: -it & [class of noun being modified]
Verbs
plain (-) relative clause consonantvowelconsonant (el-)vowel (lo-)plain (-i)indicative: -i-i-i-el-i-lo hearsay: -(a)j-i-aj-i-j-i-el-aj-i-lo-j-i speculative: -(e)n-i-en-i-n-i-el-en-i-lo-n-i uncertain/future: -ika-ika-ika-el-ika-l-ikareflexive (-as/sa-)indicative: -as/-sa-as-sa-el-as-lo-sa hearsay: -(i)j-as-ij-as-j-as-el-ij-as-lo-j-as speculative: -(e)n-as-en-as-n-as-el-en-as-lo-n-as uncartain/future: -ika-sa-ika-sa-ika-sa-el-ika-sa-l-ika-sa
Negatives: ha- (You don't have it. = Ri debo hasali.)
The location of the verb is relatively loose. Things before the verb are more important/closer connected to each other than things after the verb. So, "di ri mati bi" sets "I" appart from "you" and "it", indicating more of a connection between "you" and "it" than "I". "Bi ri di mati" indicates that each noun is equally connected/important. (Both of these statements are more or less neutral to the listener; "Bi ri mati di" would indicate that you are very closely connected to it, while I'm unimportant.)
When necessary, tense is indicated through seperate words (eg, tomorrow, yesterday, in the future...).
Reflexives
In verbs whose roots end in vowel, the reflexive is formed by inserting "-sa-" between the root and the tense ending. In verbs whose roots end in consonants, the "-as-" is used in place of "-sa-".
kasa- (own) => kasesa- (note: kasá is irregular; were it regular, the reflexive would be kasasa-)
mat- (go) => matas-
Conjunctions
and, both ... and
or (inclusive, exclusive), neither ... nor, either ... or
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are marked through the verb.
I give my mother the fruit that she likes. (to-mother apple that-likes she I give.)
[you] mother(obj) fruit(sub) (that)likes [you] she(subject) go I(causal).
i demima rerali sanilo iri mati bi.
Word Order
Other than indicating person, word order is relatively lose, especially the location of the verb.
Things before the verb are more important/closer connected to each other than things after the verb.
(To you it give I)
Di ri mati bi. - it's yours now :D (neutral)
Di ri bi mati. - I gave it to you.
Di mati ri bi. - *cough* it was mine
Mati di ri bi. - emphasizing the verb
In a neutral statement, the first person is often demoted in importance by being placed after the verb. The second person is always given highest importance as the very first word, no matter what. Most sentences start with 'i', indicating that there is no 2nd person. The 'i' is only left out either when you have the pronoun "you" or when you're talking to something in the 3rd person (eg, talking to a cat, but still saying 'cat', saying sort of "you-cat"; this is more common in this language than in English).
Word order technically only indicates person with pronouns--nouns are all inherently 3rd person, though they can be ordered like pronouns. Eg, If Elisabeth is speaking to Katherine and using the 3rd person says, "Elisabeth gives it to Katherine" she would say "Katherine(object) ri Elisabeth(causal) mati" (ri = it-subject). Depending on what she wants to say, she can include the "i" place holder (making Katherine truly 3rd person) and/or place Elisabeth after the verb (making Elisabeth truly 1st person) without changing the neutrality of the sentence (though subtly changing the meaning).
People frequently make use of the 3rd person in place of 1st/2nd, often (though not always) still treating names/nouns as pronouns (replacing the "i" place holder with [noun referring to you] and keeping the word order the same except for emphasis). People also use "kasá b/we" ("my/yourself") in place of a typical pronoun, allowing them to further manipulate word order for emphasis. However, this is considered "incorrect" and "uneducated" use of the language.
Note that the rest of the examples here may or may not be in the most neutral word order possible.
Questions
yes/no questions end with ", e?"
Yes and No
Negation:
Interjection: sor (also: so, so-so, saa, sa-sa)
Sentences: sa (I do not give it(thing) to him(person). = i sa danu rebo mati bi)
Words:
-as- (nothing = -asebo; no one = -asanu)
-ha (someone other than him = -anu-ha; something other than it = -ebo-ha)
ha- (not have = hasali)
Emphasis/yes:
Interjection: jen (also: je, jaa, ja', ja-ja)
Sentences: jia (I do give it(thing) to him(person). = i jia danu rebo mati bi)
Words: -ja (I give it(thing) to him(person). = i danu-ja rebo mati bi)
Vocabulary
Verbs
jia - to be/do
sa - to not be/not do
mat- - to go
sal- - to have
san- - to like
kasa- - to own
akasa- - to "own" a human (depending on dialect/context, usage includes: "to own as a slave", "to be (someone's) god", "to rule (someone) as king", "to be the husband/parent/teacher of", "to be the lover of", "to be a friend of". It always implies some amount of dominance over the person, or (especially with friends) some control over them/their actions, though generally not in a negative way.)
Nouns
Class 1 (bw-)
-emima - mother
Class 6 (w)
-erali - fruit
Class 7 (_)
(ny)aami - understanding (of something)
People: (t)
-i - pronoun
-anu - person
-ebo - thing
*-kasá / -aksá - owner / one who owns something; -sa is a suffix indicating that the noun being modified owns something; it is often used in conjunction with the 3rd person possessive (eg, -anu se -ebose)
-akasá - roughly "master", see akasa- (verb) for range of meanings.
Misc
iki - a little
sor - no (also: so, so-so, saa, sa-sa)
jen - yes (also: je, jaa, ja', ja-ja)
na - many
*the root itself is "kasá", from to the verb "kasa-" meaning "to own", but in most dialects it's pronounced "-aksá"; in general, nouns beginning with k (and possibly other letters; I haven't decided which) will either have an extra vowel inserted before the the k when declined. This vowel is always the "dominant" vowel sound of the word--the first vowel, the stressed vowel or the most common vowel. (Which would, theoretically make it "-akasá"). However, (especially with more common words or words where adding a vowel would make it into a different word) the first two letters will simply switch places. Since -akasá is already a word, it