297. Of course, if water boils in a pot, steam comes out of the pot, and also a picture of steam comes out of a picture of the pot. But what if one insisted on saying that there must also be something boiling in the picture of the pot?

Ludwig Wittgenstein. Philosophical Investigations.

89. For logic seemed to have a peculiar depth - a universal significance. Logic lay, it seemed, at the foundation of all the sciences. For logical investigation explores the essence of all things. It seeks to see to the foundation of things, and shouldn’t concern itself whether things actually happen in this or that way. -- It arises neither from ( Read more... )

There are various problems as regards language. First, there is the problem what actually occurs in our minds when we use language with the intention of meaning something by it; this problem belongs to psychology. Secondly, there is the problem as to what is the relation subsisting between thoughts, words, or sentences, and that which they refer to ( Read more... )

...nothing in the universe
Is born unique and grows unique, alone,
But all belong to a species, very many
Of the same kind.
...
Therefore one must accept that sky
And earth and sun, moon, sea and all else that exists
Are not unique, but in number numberless.

- Lucretius, Trans. Melville, On the Nature of the Universe. Book 2, line 1077.

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В короткой истории с запретным плодом (Gen 3:1) есть основной набор современных моральных принципов (кроме Liberty) с упором на Authority & Sacrilege. Причина всех несчастий - нарушение запрета Евой и змеем. В соответствии с порядком установленным в самом начале, Адам выше всех животных и не может принимать от них советы (Gen 1:26). Но место Евы в ( Read more... )

It's interesting to watch (from afar) how the process of self-selection is working out ( Read more... )

Как-то так. Надо почистить картинки и разжевать каждый шаг, но логика, кажется, правильная.


( Read more... )

Going over Treatise of Intuitionist Logic, by JG Granstorm for the second time (see fig and text below):

( Read more... )

Does God (or any other deity of your choice) have a solution to the Entscheidungsproblem? If yes, how are we going to find out whether the answer is not a trick of the Devil?
(1) The most optimistic position is that there is a systematic method to establish either A true or ∼A true, for any proposition A. I take this position to imply a positive ( Read more... )

I was always suspicious of analogies because I knew that any two objects could be grouped together for whatever reason. But I never bothered to find a logical proof of that. Well, here's how Peirce does it in just one paragraph for any group of objects*,
This principle is that any plurality or lot of objects whatever have some character in common ( Read more... )