Основы английской грамматики. Часть 1, вводная.
Сегодня мы начнем изчать самые базовые элементы английской грамматики. Первичное объяснение я буду давать на русском, при более детальном рассмотрении тех или иных языковых явлений буду уже использовать только английский язык. (Как минимум для того, чтобы стимулировать Вас к работе со словарем ;-)
Прежде чем изучать конкретные грамматические явления давайте посмотрим, какие части речи существуют в английском языке..
Слова в любом языке делятся на части речи - классы, отличающиеся друг от друга по значению, форме и функциям, которые они выполняют в предложении. Частями речи называют группы слов, имеющие:
1) одно и то же обобщённое лексическое значение;
2) одно и то же обобщённое грамматическое значение, или одинаковый набор морфологических признаков;
3) одни и те же синтаксические функции.
В английском, как и в любом другом языке части речи делятся на служебные и самостоятельные.
Обычно различают следующие части речи:
глаголы (verbs)
существительные (nouns)
артикли (articles)
прилагательные (adjectives)
местоимения (pronouns)
числительные (numerals)
наречия (adverbs)
предлоги (prepositions)
союзы (conjunctions)
Рассмотрение частей речи начинается с глагола, который является важнейшей частью речи в английском языке и составляет ядро предложения, а с практической точки зрения представляет наибольшие трудности для изучающих этот язык.
Более подробное рассмотрение частей речи (на английском)
In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class, a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), which is generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question. Common linguistic categories include noun and verb, among others. There are open word classes, which constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members infrequently if at all.English words have been traditionally classified into eight lexical categories, or parts of speech (and are still done so in most dictionaries):
The four main parts of speech in English, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, are labelled form classes as well. This is because prototypical members of each class share the ability to change their form by accepting derivational or inflectional morphemes. The term form is used as it refers literally to the similarities in shape of the word in its pronunciation and spelling for each part of speech.
Neither written nor spoken English generally marks words as belonging to one part of speech or another, as they tend to be understood in the context of the sentence. Words like neigh, break, outlaw, laser, microwave and telephone might all be either verb forms or nouns. Although -ly is a frequent adverb marker, not all adverbs end in -ly and not all words ending in -ly are adverbs (-wise is another common adverb marker). For instance, tomorrow, fast, very can all be adverbs, while early, friendly, ugly are all adjectives (though early can also function as an adverb).
In certain circumstances, even words with primarily grammatical functions can be used as verbs or nouns, as in "We must look to the hows and not just the whys" or "Miranda was to-ing and fro-ing and not paying attention".
Functional classification
The study of linguistics has expanded the understanding of lexical categories in various languages and allowed for better classifying words by function. Common lexical categories in English by function may include:
Прежде чем изучать конкретные грамматические явления давайте посмотрим, какие части речи существуют в английском языке..
Слова в любом языке делятся на части речи - классы, отличающиеся друг от друга по значению, форме и функциям, которые они выполняют в предложении. Частями речи называют группы слов, имеющие:
1) одно и то же обобщённое лексическое значение;
2) одно и то же обобщённое грамматическое значение, или одинаковый набор морфологических признаков;
3) одни и те же синтаксические функции.
В английском, как и в любом другом языке части речи делятся на служебные и самостоятельные.
Обычно различают следующие части речи:
глаголы (verbs)
существительные (nouns)
артикли (articles)
прилагательные (adjectives)
местоимения (pronouns)
числительные (numerals)
наречия (adverbs)
предлоги (prepositions)
союзы (conjunctions)
Рассмотрение частей речи начинается с глагола, который является важнейшей частью речи в английском языке и составляет ядро предложения, а с практической точки зрения представляет наибольшие трудности для изучающих этот язык.
Более подробное рассмотрение частей речи (на английском)
In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class, a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), which is generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question. Common linguistic categories include noun and verb, among others. There are open word classes, which constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members infrequently if at all.English words have been traditionally classified into eight lexical categories, or parts of speech (and are still done so in most dictionaries):
- Noun: any abstract or concrete entity
- Pronoun: any substitute for a noun or noun phrase
- Adjective: any qualifier of a noun
- Verb: any action or state of being
- Adverb: any qualifier of an adjective, verb, or other adverb
- Preposition: any establisher of relation and syntactic context
- Conjunction: any syntactic connector
- Interjection: any emotional greeting (or "exclamation")
The four main parts of speech in English, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, are labelled form classes as well. This is because prototypical members of each class share the ability to change their form by accepting derivational or inflectional morphemes. The term form is used as it refers literally to the similarities in shape of the word in its pronunciation and spelling for each part of speech.
Neither written nor spoken English generally marks words as belonging to one part of speech or another, as they tend to be understood in the context of the sentence. Words like neigh, break, outlaw, laser, microwave and telephone might all be either verb forms or nouns. Although -ly is a frequent adverb marker, not all adverbs end in -ly and not all words ending in -ly are adverbs (-wise is another common adverb marker). For instance, tomorrow, fast, very can all be adverbs, while early, friendly, ugly are all adjectives (though early can also function as an adverb).
In certain circumstances, even words with primarily grammatical functions can be used as verbs or nouns, as in "We must look to the hows and not just the whys" or "Miranda was to-ing and fro-ing and not paying attention".
Functional classification
The study of linguistics has expanded the understanding of lexical categories in various languages and allowed for better classifying words by function. Common lexical categories in English by function may include:
- Open word classes:
- adjectives
- adverbs
- nouns
- verbs (except auxiliary verbs)
- Interjections
- Closed word classes:
- auxiliary verbs
- clitics
- coverbs
- conjunctions
- determiners (articles, quantifiers, demonstrative adjectives, and possessive adjectives)
- particles
- measure words
- adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions)
- preverbs
- pronouns
- contractions
- cardinal numbers