Pathology Test 3

[shana31]

I'm studying for my Pathology test tomorrow morning.
It's only 9.49 pm. Yeah, I studied early.
Very determined to sleep before 2 am tonight.
I'll be covering Pigmentation, Congenital Anomalies and Trauma.
So, Trauma first! There are 20 of them, without the little branches.

1. Trauma: Wounds, injuries, damages to tissues or organs by external force (burn, surgical operation, impact, sharp or blunt instrument)
2. Self trauma: Self-inflicted injury, in animal, it's usually pruritis, rubbing, biting, rolling or scratching. In human, suicide (wrist-cutting, hanging, shooting, stabbing)
3. Birth trauma: Injury to fetus during birth process.
4. Incision: A cut made to tissues or organs. Can be surgical incision, made during surgical operation.
5. Abrasion: Wounds by removal or scraping of superficial layer or the skin. E.g. skinned-knee or rope burn.
6. Laceration: Injury to living tissue, involving breaks on the skin. (Usually involve scarring)
7. Contusion: Injury to tissues without any breakage on the skin. Haemorrhage under the skin which later leads to blood clotting (bruise. Skin will appear bluish, swell, tender and painful. Clotted blood is usually removed physiologically by body. In serious cases, clotted blood forms cyst or calcify, so have to me removed surgically. In cerebral contusion, accumulated can be at extradural or subdural, with neurological defects.
8. Concussion: Violent blow to the brain (usually without any bleeding) that leads to transient of prolonged loss of function. Cerebral concussion; leads to transient or prolong loss of consciousness, some may involve bleeding (nose) or cerebral contusion, and local paralysis upon recovery. Spinal concussion: leads to temporary paresis, with local paralysis even after partial recovery.
9. Puncture: An act of piercings to tissues or organs by sharp intruments (stabbing). In surgical puncture, done to collect clinicopathological sample (sternal, cisternal, lumbar, spinal puncture).
10. Rupture: A break or tear in the continuity or configuration or an organ or structure, including instances when tissues protrude out of an opening.
11. HERNIA (I notice Aline Nine's Tora had this): Congenital, failure of an opening to close after birth. May be acquired later in life due to illness, muscle weakness, obesity or surgery. Abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue out of the normal structure containing it.
12. Torsion: Twisting of a structure or organ at its long axis that leads to obstruction.
13. Volvulus: ?
14. Intussusception: Prolapsed of intestine into the lumen of its adjacent structure. Can be small intestine into small intestine or ilocecal valve.
15. Dislocation (luxation): Displacement of bone from its joint. Causes swelling and pain. Congenital, hip displacement in large breed dogs. Luxation is displacement of lens in eye.
16. Subluxation: Same but use for vertebral. May cause some neurological defects.
17. Strangulation: Choking or throttling to cut airways and obstruct respiration. Mechanical pressure to blood vessels leads to impairment of blood circulation. Obstruction e.g. intestine.
18. Asphyxiation: Suffocation. Cutting of respiratory.
19. Sprain: Injury to ligament when it's worked out of its normal range. doesn't involve fracture or dislocation.
20. Fracture: Break at the continuity of bone.