Через три месяца, в ноябре 1950, вовремя не уволенный Уокер отступает вместе со своей деморализованной Восьмой армией, разделяя с Макартуром вину за то молниеносное поражение напополам.
В военном плане решение об отступлении было правильным - спасало личный состав от китайской мясорубки. Ошибкой была убежденность Макартура в том, что китайцы не станут вмешиваться. Но это за пределами чисто военных соображений.
До этого прокололись северные корейцы, обещавшие взять Сеул за три дня, и Сталин, давший добро на агрессию, в своей недооценки решимости американцев и лично Трумэна противостоять агрессии.
Из "State of the Union" Трумэна в январе 1951:
"We had hoped that the Soviet Union, with its security assured by the Charter of the United Nations, would be willing to live and let live. But I am sorry to say that has not been the case. The imperialism of the czars has been replaced by the even more ambitious, more crafty, and more menacing imperialism of the rulers of the Soviet Union. This new imperialism has powerful military forces. It is keeping millions of men under arms. It has a large air force and a strong submarine force. It has complete control of the men and equipment of its satellites. It has kept its subject peoples and its economy in a state of perpetual mobilization. The present rulers of the Soviet Union have shown that they are willing to use this power to destroy the free nations and win domination over the whole world. The Soviet imperialists have two ways of going about their destructive work. They use the method of subversion and internal revolution, and they use the method of external aggression. In preparation for either of these methods of attack, they stir up class strife and disorder. They encourage sabotage. They put out poisonous propaganda. They deliberately try to prevent economic improvement. If their efforts are successful, they foment a revolution, as they did in Czechoslovakia and China, and as they tried, unsuccessfully, to do in Greece. If their methods of subversion are blocked, and if they think they can get away with outright warfare, they resort to external aggression. This is what they did when they loosed the armies of their puppet states against the Republic of Korea, in an evil war by proxy. We of the free world must be ready to meet both of these methods of Soviet action. We must not neglect one or the other. The free world has power and resources to meet these two forms of aggression--resources that are far greater than those of the Soviet dictatorship. We have skilled and vigorous peoples, great industrial strength, and abundant sources of raw materials. And above all, we cherish liberty. Our common ideals are a great part of our strength. These ideals are the driving force of human progress. The free nations believe in the dignity and the worth of man. We believe in independence for all nations. We believe that free and independent nations can band together into a world order based on law. We have laid the cornerstone of such a peaceful world in the United Nations. We believe that such a world order can and should spread the benefits of modern science and industry, better health and education, more food and rising standards of living--throughout the world. These ideals give our cause a power and vitality that Russian communism can never command." https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-the-congress-the-state-the-union-19
Трумэн провел тщательную черту в том, что увольнял Макартура не за военные провалы, а за нарушения субординации. Сталинский подход был несколько иным.
>> Трумэн провел тщательную черту в том, что увольнял Макартура не за военные провалы, а за нарушения субординации
В этом обвинении есть еще один дополнительный нюанс. "Нарушение субординации" - это преступление, которое может привести к военному суду. Но никто в администрации президента не хотел судить Макартура. Это было бы чересчур. В администрации прекрасно помнили эпизод с Билли Митчеллом и не хотели его повторять.
ОКНШ согласился единогласно, что Макартура нужно освободить от его должностей. Но они избегали термина «несубординация». Вместо этого родилась легенда, что "Макартур не подчинился президенту, а не ОКНШ", а это типа было другое, почти не наказуемое, деяние.
Расследование Сената сделало вывод, что Трумэн, как главнокомандующий, был в своём праве уволить Макартура, но что инициатива исходила не от военных.
"There was no serious disagreement between General MacArthur and the Joint Chiefs of Staff as to military strategy in Korea. The military played no part in initiating or recommending the recall of General MacArthur. The record reveals direct testimony from Secretary Marshall, General Bradley, General Collins, General Vandenberg, and Admiral Sherman on this question. These witnesses testified clearly and unequivocally that the military no more than concurred in a previously made decision to recall General MacArthur." https://fliphtml5.com/krsv/ohdc/basic/51-100
Колоритными высказываниями о Макартуре Трумэн поделился с журналистами в 1960:
"I fired him because he wouldn't respect the authority of the President. I didn't fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, although he was, but that's not against the law for generals. If it was, half to three-quarters of them would be in jail." As for MacArthur's attempts to conduct his own grandiose foreign policy in the Pacific, Truman said: "I've given that a lot of thought and finally decided that there were times when he wasn't right in his head. And there was never anybody around him to keep him in line. He didn't have anyone on his staff who wasn't an ass kisser. Why, hell, if he'd had his way, he'd have had us in the Third World War and blown up two-thirds of the world." https://web.archive.org/web/20080206223904/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908217,00.html
В военном плане решение об отступлении было правильным - спасало личный состав от китайской мясорубки. Ошибкой была убежденность Макартура в том, что китайцы не станут вмешиваться. Но это за пределами чисто военных соображений.
До этого прокололись северные корейцы, обещавшие взять Сеул за три дня, и Сталин, давший добро на агрессию, в своей недооценки решимости американцев и лично Трумэна противостоять агрессии.
Из "State of the Union" Трумэна в январе 1951:
"We had hoped that the Soviet Union, with its security assured by the Charter of the United Nations, would be willing to live and let live. But I am sorry to say that has not been the case.
The imperialism of the czars has been replaced by the even more ambitious, more crafty, and more menacing imperialism of the rulers of the Soviet Union.
This new imperialism has powerful military forces. It is keeping millions of men under arms. It has a large air force and a strong submarine force. It has complete control of the men and equipment of its satellites. It has kept its subject peoples and its economy in a state of perpetual mobilization.
The present rulers of the Soviet Union have shown that they are willing to use this power to destroy the free nations and win domination over the whole world.
The Soviet imperialists have two ways of going about their destructive work. They use the method of subversion and internal revolution, and they use the method of external aggression. In preparation for either of these methods of attack, they stir up class strife and disorder. They encourage sabotage. They put out poisonous propaganda. They deliberately try to prevent economic improvement.
If their efforts are successful, they foment a revolution, as they did in Czechoslovakia and China, and as they tried, unsuccessfully, to do in Greece. If their methods of subversion are blocked, and if they think they can get away with outright warfare, they resort to external aggression. This is what they did when they loosed the armies of their puppet states against the Republic of Korea, in an evil war by proxy.
We of the free world must be ready to meet both of these methods of Soviet action. We must not neglect one or the other.
The free world has power and resources to meet these two forms of aggression--resources that are far greater than those of the Soviet dictatorship. We have skilled and vigorous peoples, great industrial strength, and abundant sources of raw materials. And above all, we cherish liberty. Our common ideals are a great part of our strength. These ideals are the driving force of human progress.
The free nations believe in the dignity and the worth of man.
We believe in independence for all nations.
We believe that free and independent nations can band together into a world order based on law. We have laid the cornerstone of such a peaceful world in the United Nations.
We believe that such a world order can and should spread the benefits of modern science and industry, better health and education, more food and rising standards of living--throughout the world.
These ideals give our cause a power and vitality that Russian communism can never command."
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-the-congress-the-state-the-union-19
Трумэн провел тщательную черту в том, что увольнял Макартура не за военные провалы, а за нарушения субординации. Сталинский подход был несколько иным.
Согласно документам, в проект приказа наркома обороны № 0250 от 28 июля 1941 года с объявлением приговора по делу генералов Д. Г. Павлова, В. Е. Климовских, А. Т. Григорьева и А. А. Коробкова, Сталин своей рукой вписал строки обвинения «за трусость, самовольное оставление стратегических пунктов без разрешения высшего командования, развал управления войсками, бездействие власти», он же самолично вставил в текст приказа слова «и этим дали врагу возможность прорвать фронт».
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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В этом обвинении есть еще один дополнительный нюанс. "Нарушение субординации" - это преступление, которое может привести к военному суду. Но никто в администрации президента не хотел судить Макартура. Это было бы чересчур. В администрации прекрасно помнили эпизод с Билли Митчеллом и не хотели его повторять.
ОКНШ согласился единогласно, что Макартура нужно освободить от его должностей. Но они избегали термина «несубординация». Вместо этого родилась легенда, что "Макартур не подчинился президенту, а не ОКНШ", а это типа было другое, почти не наказуемое, деяние.
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"There was no serious disagreement between General MacArthur and the Joint Chiefs of Staff as to military strategy in Korea. The military played no part in initiating or recommending the recall of General MacArthur. The record reveals direct testimony from Secretary Marshall, General Bradley, General Collins, General Vandenberg, and Admiral Sherman on this question. These witnesses testified clearly and unequivocally that the military no more than concurred in a previously made decision to recall General MacArthur."
https://fliphtml5.com/krsv/ohdc/basic/51-100
Колоритными высказываниями о Макартуре Трумэн поделился с журналистами в 1960:
"I fired him because he wouldn't respect the authority of the President. I didn't fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, although he was, but that's not against the law for generals. If it was, half to three-quarters of them would be in jail."
As for MacArthur's attempts to conduct his own grandiose foreign policy in the Pacific, Truman said: "I've given that a lot of thought and finally decided that there were times when he wasn't right in his head. And there was never anybody around him to keep him in line. He didn't have anyone on his staff who wasn't an ass kisser. Why, hell, if he'd had his way, he'd have had us in the Third World War and blown up two-thirds of the world."
https://web.archive.org/web/20080206223904/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908217,00.html
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