I've had a problem with my work computer that when I double-clicked a spreadsheet file, Excel would launch, but the file would not load: just an empty instance of Excel would come up.
Here is how I fixed it:
From the “Office” menu in the upper left, click “Excel Options.” (It’s at the bottom of the menu, in a button.)
Click “Advanced.”
In the “General” section, uncheck the “Ignore other applications that use Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)” box. (circled below)
I don't know how that box ever got checked in the first place.