bio
christmas vacay is comin up. time to teach myself the bio~ness for AP Bio...
· Molecules and Cells
o Basic Biological Chemistry
§ Atoms, molecules, bonding, pH and water
§ Carbon functional groups
§ Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
§ Chemical reactions, free-energy changes, and equilibrium
§ Enzymes: coenzymes, cofactors, rates of activity and regulation
o Cells
§ Structure and function of cell membranes
§ Structure and function of organelles, subcellular components of motility and cytoskeleton
§ Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
§ Plant and animal cells
§ Cell cycle: mitosis and cytokinesis
o Energy transformations
§ ATP, energy transfer, coupled reactions and chemiosmosis
§ C3 and C4 photosynthesis
§ Glycolysis, fermentation and aerobic respiration
· Genetics and Evolution
o Molecular Genetics
§ DNA: Structure and replication
§ Eukaryotic chromosomal structure, nucleosome, and transposable elements
§ RNA:Transcription, mRNA, editing, and translation
§ Regulation of gene expression
§ Mutations
§ Recombinant DNA, DNA cloning, hybridization and DNA sequencing
§ DNA and RNA viruses
o Heredity
§ Meiosis
§ Mendel's Laws and probability
§ Inheritance patterns: chromosomes, genes, alleles and interactions
§ Human genetic defects
o Evolution
§ Origin of life
§ Evidence for evolution
§ Natural selection
§ Hardy-Weinberg principle, factors influencing allelic frequency
§ Speciation: isolating mechanisms, allopatry, sympatry and adaptive radiation
§ Patterns of evolution, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
· Organisms and Populations
o Principles of taxonomy and systematics and the five kingdom system
o Survey of Monera, Protista and Fungi
o Plants
§ Diversity; Classification, phylogeny, adaptations to land, alternations of generations in moss, fern, pine and flowering plants
§ Structure and physiology of vascular plants
§ Seed formation, germination and growth in seed plants
§ Hormonal regulation of plant growth
§ Plant response to stimuli: tropisms and photoperiodicity
o Animals
§ Diversity; Classification, phylogeny, survey acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, protostome and deuterostome
§ Structure and function of tissues, organs and systems, homeostasis and immune response
§ Gametogenesis, fertilization, embryology and development
§ Behavior
o Ecology
§ Population dynamics, biotic potential, and limiting factors
§ Ecosystem and community dynamics, energy flow, productivity, species interactions, succession and biomes
§ Biogeochemical cycles
I. Molecules and Cells: Cells are the structural and functional units of life; cellular processes are based on physical and chemical changes.
A. Chemistry of Life
1. Water
· How do the unique chemical and physical properties of water make life on earth possible?
2. Organic molecules in organisms
· What is the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of life?
· How do cells synthesize and break down?
· How do structures of biologically important molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
· nucleic acids) account for their functions?
3. Free energy changes
· How do the laws of thermodynamics relate to the biochemical processes that provide energy to living systems?
4. Enzymes
· How do enzymes regulate the rate of chemical reactions?
· How does the specificity of an enzyme depend on its structure?
· How is the activity of an enzyme regulated?
B. Cells
1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
· What are their similarities and differences?
· What are their evolutionary relationships?
2. Membranes
· What is the current model of the molecular architecture of membranes?
· How do variations in this structure account for functional differences among membranes?
· How does the structural organization of membranes provide for transport and recognition?
· What are various mechanisms by which substances cross membranes?
3. Subcellular organization
· How does compartmentalization organize a cell's functions?
· How are the structures of the various subcellular organelles related to their functions?
· How do organelles function together in cellular processes?
· What factors limit cell size?
4. Cell cycle and its regulation
· How does the cell cycle assure genetic continuity?
· How does mitosis allow for the even distribution of genetic information to new cells?
· What are the mechanisms of cytokinesis?
· How is the cell cycle regulated?
· How can aberrations in the cell cycle lead to tumor formation?
C. Cellular Energetics
1. Coupled reactions
· What is the role of ATP in coupling the cell's anabolic and catabolic processes?
· How does chemiosmosis function in bioenergetics?
2. Fermentation and cellular respiration
· How are organic molecules broken down by catabolic pathways?
· What is the role of oxygen in energy-yielding pathways?
· How do cells generate ATP in the absence of oxygen?
· Photosynthesis
· How does photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical energy?
· How are the chemical products of the light-trapping reactions coupled to the synthesis of
· carbohydrates?
· What kinds of photosynthetic adaptations have evolved in response to different
· environmental conditions?
· What interactions exist between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
II. Heredity and Evolution: Hereditary events control the passage of structural and functional information from one generation to the next.
A. Heredity
1. Meiosis and gametogenesis
· What features of meiosis are important in sexual reproduction?
· Why is meiosis important in heredity?
· How is meiosis related to gametogenesis?
· What are the similarities and differences between gametogenesis in animals and gametogenesis in plants?
2. Eukaryotic chromosomes
· How is genetic information organized in the eukaryotic chromosome?
· How does this organization contribute to both continuity of and variability in the genetic information?
3. Inheritance patterns
· How did Mendel's work lay the foundation of modern genetics?
· What are the principal patterns of inheritance?
B. Molecular Genetics
1. RNA and DNA structure and function
· How do the structures of nucleic acids relate to their functions of information storage and protein synthesis?
· What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes?
2. Gene regulation
· What are some mechanisms by which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
3. Mutation
· In what ways can genetic information be altered?
· What are some effects of these alterations?
4. Viral structure and replication
· What is the structure of viruses?
· What are the major steps in viral reproduction?
· How do viruses transfer genetic material between cells?
5. Nucleic acid technology and applications
· What are some current recombinant technologies?
· What are some practical applications of nucleic acid technology?
· What legal and ethical problems may arise from these applications?
C. Evolutionary Biology
1. Early evolution of life
· What are the current biological models for the origins of biological macromolecules?
· What are the current models for the origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
2. Evidence for evolution
· What types of evidence support an evolutionary view of life?
3. Mechanisms of evolution
· What is the role of natural selection in the process of evolution?
· How are heredity and natural selection involved in the process of evolution?
· What mechanisms account for speciation and macroevolution?
· What different patterns of evolution have been identified and what mechanisms are responsible for each of these patterns?
III. Organisms and Populations: The relationship of structure to function is a theme that is common to all organisms; the interactions of organisms with their environment is the major theme in ecology.
A. Diversity of Organisms
1. Evolutionary patterns
· What are the major body plans of plants and animals?
2. Survey of the diversity of life
· What are representative organisms from the Monera, Fungi, and Protista?
· What are representative members of the major animal phyla and plant divisions?
3. Phylogenetic classification
· What are the distinguishing characteristics of each group (kingdoms and the major phyla and divisions of animals and plants)?
4. Evolutionary relationships
· What is some evidence that organisms are related to each other?
· How do scientists study evolutionary relationships among organisms?
· How is this information used in classification of organisms?
B. Structure and Function of Plants and Animals
1. Reproduction, growth, and development
· What patterns of reproduction and development are found in plants and animals and how are they regulated?
· What is the adaptive significance of alternation of generations in the major groups of plants?
2. Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations
· How does the organization of cells, tissues, and organs determine structure and function in plant and animal systems?
· How are structure and function related in the various organ systems?
· How do the organ systems of animals interact?
· What adaptive features have contributed to the success of various plants and animals on land?
3. Response to the environment
· What are the responses of plants and animals to environmental cues, and how do hormones mediate them?
C. Ecology
1. Population dynamics
· What models are useful in describing the growth of a population?
· How is population size regulated by abiotic and biotic factors?
2. Communities and ecosystems
· How is energy flow through an ecosystem related to trophic structure (trophic levels)?
· How do elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen) cycle through ecosystems?
· How do organisms affect the cycling of elements and water through the biosphere?
· How do biotic and abiotic factors affect community structure and ecosystem function?
3. Global issues
· In which ways are humans affecting biogeochemical cycles?
ignore that. i know no one cares... i dont either. lol i just want to pass the AP
· Molecules and Cells
o Basic Biological Chemistry
§ Atoms, molecules, bonding, pH and water
§ Carbon functional groups
§ Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
§ Chemical reactions, free-energy changes, and equilibrium
§ Enzymes: coenzymes, cofactors, rates of activity and regulation
o Cells
§ Structure and function of cell membranes
§ Structure and function of organelles, subcellular components of motility and cytoskeleton
§ Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
§ Plant and animal cells
§ Cell cycle: mitosis and cytokinesis
o Energy transformations
§ ATP, energy transfer, coupled reactions and chemiosmosis
§ C3 and C4 photosynthesis
§ Glycolysis, fermentation and aerobic respiration
· Genetics and Evolution
o Molecular Genetics
§ DNA: Structure and replication
§ Eukaryotic chromosomal structure, nucleosome, and transposable elements
§ RNA:Transcription, mRNA, editing, and translation
§ Regulation of gene expression
§ Mutations
§ Recombinant DNA, DNA cloning, hybridization and DNA sequencing
§ DNA and RNA viruses
o Heredity
§ Meiosis
§ Mendel's Laws and probability
§ Inheritance patterns: chromosomes, genes, alleles and interactions
§ Human genetic defects
o Evolution
§ Origin of life
§ Evidence for evolution
§ Natural selection
§ Hardy-Weinberg principle, factors influencing allelic frequency
§ Speciation: isolating mechanisms, allopatry, sympatry and adaptive radiation
§ Patterns of evolution, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
· Organisms and Populations
o Principles of taxonomy and systematics and the five kingdom system
o Survey of Monera, Protista and Fungi
o Plants
§ Diversity; Classification, phylogeny, adaptations to land, alternations of generations in moss, fern, pine and flowering plants
§ Structure and physiology of vascular plants
§ Seed formation, germination and growth in seed plants
§ Hormonal regulation of plant growth
§ Plant response to stimuli: tropisms and photoperiodicity
o Animals
§ Diversity; Classification, phylogeny, survey acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, protostome and deuterostome
§ Structure and function of tissues, organs and systems, homeostasis and immune response
§ Gametogenesis, fertilization, embryology and development
§ Behavior
o Ecology
§ Population dynamics, biotic potential, and limiting factors
§ Ecosystem and community dynamics, energy flow, productivity, species interactions, succession and biomes
§ Biogeochemical cycles
I. Molecules and Cells: Cells are the structural and functional units of life; cellular processes are based on physical and chemical changes.
A. Chemistry of Life
1. Water
· How do the unique chemical and physical properties of water make life on earth possible?
2. Organic molecules in organisms
· What is the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of life?
· How do cells synthesize and break down?
· How do structures of biologically important molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
· nucleic acids) account for their functions?
3. Free energy changes
· How do the laws of thermodynamics relate to the biochemical processes that provide energy to living systems?
4. Enzymes
· How do enzymes regulate the rate of chemical reactions?
· How does the specificity of an enzyme depend on its structure?
· How is the activity of an enzyme regulated?
B. Cells
1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
· What are their similarities and differences?
· What are their evolutionary relationships?
2. Membranes
· What is the current model of the molecular architecture of membranes?
· How do variations in this structure account for functional differences among membranes?
· How does the structural organization of membranes provide for transport and recognition?
· What are various mechanisms by which substances cross membranes?
3. Subcellular organization
· How does compartmentalization organize a cell's functions?
· How are the structures of the various subcellular organelles related to their functions?
· How do organelles function together in cellular processes?
· What factors limit cell size?
4. Cell cycle and its regulation
· How does the cell cycle assure genetic continuity?
· How does mitosis allow for the even distribution of genetic information to new cells?
· What are the mechanisms of cytokinesis?
· How is the cell cycle regulated?
· How can aberrations in the cell cycle lead to tumor formation?
C. Cellular Energetics
1. Coupled reactions
· What is the role of ATP in coupling the cell's anabolic and catabolic processes?
· How does chemiosmosis function in bioenergetics?
2. Fermentation and cellular respiration
· How are organic molecules broken down by catabolic pathways?
· What is the role of oxygen in energy-yielding pathways?
· How do cells generate ATP in the absence of oxygen?
· Photosynthesis
· How does photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical energy?
· How are the chemical products of the light-trapping reactions coupled to the synthesis of
· carbohydrates?
· What kinds of photosynthetic adaptations have evolved in response to different
· environmental conditions?
· What interactions exist between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
II. Heredity and Evolution: Hereditary events control the passage of structural and functional information from one generation to the next.
A. Heredity
1. Meiosis and gametogenesis
· What features of meiosis are important in sexual reproduction?
· Why is meiosis important in heredity?
· How is meiosis related to gametogenesis?
· What are the similarities and differences between gametogenesis in animals and gametogenesis in plants?
2. Eukaryotic chromosomes
· How is genetic information organized in the eukaryotic chromosome?
· How does this organization contribute to both continuity of and variability in the genetic information?
3. Inheritance patterns
· How did Mendel's work lay the foundation of modern genetics?
· What are the principal patterns of inheritance?
B. Molecular Genetics
1. RNA and DNA structure and function
· How do the structures of nucleic acids relate to their functions of information storage and protein synthesis?
· What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes?
2. Gene regulation
· What are some mechanisms by which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
3. Mutation
· In what ways can genetic information be altered?
· What are some effects of these alterations?
4. Viral structure and replication
· What is the structure of viruses?
· What are the major steps in viral reproduction?
· How do viruses transfer genetic material between cells?
5. Nucleic acid technology and applications
· What are some current recombinant technologies?
· What are some practical applications of nucleic acid technology?
· What legal and ethical problems may arise from these applications?
C. Evolutionary Biology
1. Early evolution of life
· What are the current biological models for the origins of biological macromolecules?
· What are the current models for the origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
2. Evidence for evolution
· What types of evidence support an evolutionary view of life?
3. Mechanisms of evolution
· What is the role of natural selection in the process of evolution?
· How are heredity and natural selection involved in the process of evolution?
· What mechanisms account for speciation and macroevolution?
· What different patterns of evolution have been identified and what mechanisms are responsible for each of these patterns?
III. Organisms and Populations: The relationship of structure to function is a theme that is common to all organisms; the interactions of organisms with their environment is the major theme in ecology.
A. Diversity of Organisms
1. Evolutionary patterns
· What are the major body plans of plants and animals?
2. Survey of the diversity of life
· What are representative organisms from the Monera, Fungi, and Protista?
· What are representative members of the major animal phyla and plant divisions?
3. Phylogenetic classification
· What are the distinguishing characteristics of each group (kingdoms and the major phyla and divisions of animals and plants)?
4. Evolutionary relationships
· What is some evidence that organisms are related to each other?
· How do scientists study evolutionary relationships among organisms?
· How is this information used in classification of organisms?
B. Structure and Function of Plants and Animals
1. Reproduction, growth, and development
· What patterns of reproduction and development are found in plants and animals and how are they regulated?
· What is the adaptive significance of alternation of generations in the major groups of plants?
2. Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations
· How does the organization of cells, tissues, and organs determine structure and function in plant and animal systems?
· How are structure and function related in the various organ systems?
· How do the organ systems of animals interact?
· What adaptive features have contributed to the success of various plants and animals on land?
3. Response to the environment
· What are the responses of plants and animals to environmental cues, and how do hormones mediate them?
C. Ecology
1. Population dynamics
· What models are useful in describing the growth of a population?
· How is population size regulated by abiotic and biotic factors?
2. Communities and ecosystems
· How is energy flow through an ecosystem related to trophic structure (trophic levels)?
· How do elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen) cycle through ecosystems?
· How do organisms affect the cycling of elements and water through the biosphere?
· How do biotic and abiotic factors affect community structure and ecosystem function?
3. Global issues
· In which ways are humans affecting biogeochemical cycles?
ignore that. i know no one cares... i dont either. lol i just want to pass the AP