everything louder than everything else
Pill May Reduce Hearing Loss From Noise
By MALCOLM RITTER, AP Science Writer
NEW YORK - Scientists have been accumulating evidence in lab animals for years that a pill might be able to reduce the damage loud noise does to your hearing. Now they're sending in the Marines.
Starting in a few months, a group of 600 Marines at Camp Pendleton in California will face rifle training with not only foam plugs in their ears, but also a drink that tastes very much like Wild Berry Zinger herbal tea.
They'll take it with every meal during their two weeks of the noisy training, an experience that normally erodes a bit of hearing ability from about 10 percent of trainees. And if all goes as hoped, hearing tests will show that a substance dissolved in the drink made a difference.
It's the latest wrinkle in research toward finding a pill that will help protect and even treat hearing loss from exposure to loud noise. While the effort is hardly new, experts say it has picked up steam in just the past few years.
Nobody is saying such a pill could replace earplugs and other mechanical ear protection. But it's clear that the standard protections so far haven't prevented a wide-ranging problem.
Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common occupational diseases and the second most self-reported occupational illness or injury, the federal government says. About 10 million Americans have permanent hearing loss from loud noise, either a long-term exposure or in a sudden burst like an explosion. And an estimated 30 million people are thought to be exposed to hazardous levels of noise at work, such as in mining, construction, manufacturing and agriculture.
Professional musicians must take care as well. Jim tenBensel, a freelance musician in Minneapolis, packs a pair of earplugs in his trombone case. Not long ago, during a big-band-style performance when he wasn't wearing them, he found himself ducking and putting his hands over his ears when a trumpet behind him started wailing.
"It hurt," recalled tenBensel, 62. "It was just a knee-jerk reaction."
The trumpet player scolded him - ducking doesn't look good to the audience - and tenBensel learned to put in his earplugs before that number came up in later concerts.
"I think I'd rather protect my ears than anything," said the trombonist, who's not above sticking rolled-up paper napkins in his ears if proper plugs aren't available.
Nor is the problem just in the workplace. Hobbies like recreational shooting, motorcycling and snowmobiling pose a risk, too.
Earplugs and specialized sound-deadening earmuffs are clearly helpful, but they're not always enough. Some sounds overwhelm them. Some people don't wear them when they should, and other people are unusually susceptible to hearing damage. And some sound levels can damage hearing by going through the skull, no matter what's protecting the ears.
"Noise-induced hearing loss is such a common cause of hearing loss, and we haven't been very effective in ways to manage it," said Sharon Kujawa, director of audiology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.
"For as much government regulation as we have for noise exposure on the job, it's a very difficult thing to get people to comply, and also to carry that out in their leisure activities," she said.
Scientists have pursued a variety of approaches toward an ear-fortifying pill. In 1994, for example, Israeli researchers reported that magnesium supplements helped military recruits avoid hearing loss over two months of noisy basic training. These days, much of the work focuses on antioxidants, the chemical class that most famously includes vitamins C and E.
That's because loud noise doesn't always damage the delicate inner ear immediately just by brute force. Rather, in most cases it provokes the inner ear into making harmful oxygen molecules called free radicals. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, and the ear naturally has such defenses. But with enough noise, the ear's antioxidants are overwhelmed.
In that case, damage from the free radicals leads to death of the ear's sound receptors - hair cells, which convert the mechanical energy of incoming sound waves into nerve messages to the brain. As hair cells die off, hearing erodes permanently. So it makes sense to try to build up the ear's antioxidant defenses as a preventive step, and as a fast treatment after noise exposure.
Animal experiments in prevention look promising, and "people are getting very excited about applying this to protection against noise exposure in humans," Kujawa said.
"I think it's very exciting," said Brenda Lonsbury-Martin, director of research at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. "Noise damage is an area (that has) plodded along for decades without any big advances."
Now "this whole new pharmacological pre-treatment and post-treatment area that's opened up has just given the field ... some real hope we can actually conquer this."
Antioxidants should work best if given prior to noise exposure, but animal work suggests it might reduce permanent hearing loss substantially if given within four to eight hours afterward, said researcher Col. Richard Kopke.
"That's pretty quick, but it's doable if you're prepared for it," said Kopke, of the Naval Medical Center in San Diego. Other animal work suggests positive results even two days later.
One pioneer in the field of using antioxidants for hearing says he's seen some effect in people. Dr. Michael Seidman of the Henry Ford Medical Center in Detroit got a patent in 1999 for a nutritional supplement he has recommended to several hundred patients for hearing loss caused by noise or aging.
The patients have noticed an improvement in their hearing or a slowing in the progression of their hearing loss, Seidman said. For most with a moderate to severe hearing loss, that hasn't been enough to let them throw away their hearing aids, but it's often enough to let them turn theirs down or switch to a smaller and less powerful model, he said.
Kopke, who's involved in the test with the Marines, and other scientists have gotten encouraging results in animal work from a variety of antioxidant compounds. Kopke is focusing on one called N-acetylcysteine or NAC, which is already approved by federal authorities for treating overdoses of the painkiller Tylenol.
NAC not only neutralizes free radicals but also bolsters the ear's own antioxidant defenses. In Kopke's animal work, NAC has reduced hearing loss when given before or right after exposure to loud noise. Translated to humans, the effect could mean the difference between needing a hearing aid or not, Kopke said.
In the upcoming federally funded experiment with the Marines, half will get NAC in their flavored drink and the other half won't. Then researchers will see if the first group fares better.
Some experts are cautious about the antioxidant approach. It makes sense the substances could reduce hearing loss if given before noise exposure, but the animal studies so far haven't varied the combination of noise levels and antioxidant doses enough to indicate how useful that might be in people, said Ed Rubel of the University of Washington.
"It's a hot topic," said Dr. George Gates, medical director of the Deafness Research Foundation. There are "snippets of information from experiments that suggest maybe it's a good thing, but in terms of clinical application to humans, it is uncertain."
Still, he says, "it's a promising lead. And if you can find a way to do it safely, nobody's got a better idea."
Then there's the Finnish disco study.
Late last year, 20 healthy young people took either an antioxidant or placebo before entering a disco in Turku, Finland. After they came back out, those who'd taken the antioxidant seemed to show less hearing loss and recovered faster, although such a small study really provides only a hint of possible benefit, said hearing researcher Josef Miller of the University of Michigan.
Besides, the experiment didn't go exactly as planned, said Miller, who helped design the study and analyze the results.
"The manager of the disco heard there were going to be some university investigators looking at the effects of noise damage, and preceding the performance that night, he turned the amplifiers down. Unfortunately, he screwed up the experiment."
Miller is planning a prevention study with an antioxidant in the Swedish military later this year, and he notes that recent guinea pig research supports the idea that a pill might work for treatment, too.
"I think it's within our grasp," Miller said, "and I don't think we could have said that five-plus years ago."
So while the research goes on, should people take antioxidants like vitamins A or E to protect their hearing from noise damage?
Kujawa recommends waiting for results of the new research. Miller said it's a tough call - but that's one reason he takes vitamin E.
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On the Net:
Noise-induced hearing loss:
www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/wise/index.asp
Recognizing hearing loss:
www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/10ways.asp