Halka
Из The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III. H-IRAM. 1986. Словарная статья Harb. Нужный отрывок - со страницы 187 и далее.
A recurrent phenomenon in the main battles fought out between the Mamluks and their adversaries was that the wings were usually defeated first, sometimes at the very start of the fighting, whereas the centre held out much longer. Very shortly after the opening of the fighting, the whole elaborate array would be greatly upset, for a wing of one of the opposing armies would soon crumble under the impact of the enemy's onslaught, and its soldiers take to flight, while the victorious wing on the opposite side would pursue it at full speed. It is noteworthy that even the side that was ultimately defeated succeeded quite often, during the initial stages of the fighting, in routing one of the enemy's wings and pursuing it. Both the pursued and the pursuing wings would get very far away from the main, scene of the battle, and thus would be kept in complete ignorance of the progress of the fighting (this occurs in the battle of Gaza against the Franks in 642/1244 (Sibt, 494 8 -ie) in the battle of al-Nasir Yusuf against Aybak in 648/1251 (Makin, 53-5; Suluk, i, 324-7; Nudium (Cairo), vii, 6 16 -7 2 ) in the battle of c Ayn Dialut and in the battle of Barkuk against his rivals at Shakhab in 792/1390 (Ibn al-Furat, ix, 185-7; Ibn Kadi Shuhba, fol. 59b 20-25 ; Manhal, fol. 47b 5-6 ). It happened more than once that the pursuing wing, on returning to the field of battle, discovered that the army to which it belonged had already been utterly routed.
Еще в копилку таких беспорядочных битв - Вторая битва при Хомсе и битва при Гаопине (со страницы 82).
One of the classical tactics employed by the Turkish and Mongol tribes in the field of battle was, as is well known, the encirclement of the enemy, and his annihilation within the tightening ring. The making of a ring (halka) around the opponent is mentioned very frequently in the furusiyya [q.v.] training-books composed during the Mamluk period, and very rarely in actual military exercises. The same tactics were also very common in hunting (darb halkat sayd), especially in the early decades of Mamluk rule (Suluk, i, 498,, 520^8, 5499-u, 584i-8, 7898-6, 85920-21, 42110-14; Ibn Abd al-Zahir, fol. 52a 7-10f 93b 11-16; Quatremere, Sultan Mamlouks, i/2, 147 ff.). As far as can be learnt, however, from the available sources, the Mamluks did not employ this method of warfare in any of their great battles, i.e., they never encircled the enemy in the battlefield and annihilated him after encirclement (they did so to certain sections of the defeated and pursued enemy, usually far away from the scene of the main battle. In the case of c Ayn Dialut the picture is not clear). One possible explanation for this fact is that neither of these two adversaries could employ the tactics of encirclement successfully against the other, because both of them were well versed in it (the Khwarizmians employed it with great success against the Franks in the battle of Gaza in 642/October 1244, see Sibt Ibn al-Djawzi, 4943-ie. In. 701/1302 the Mamluks quelled a great rising by the Bedouins in Upper Egypt by encircling them in a "halka like the hunting halka"-al-Mansuri, fol. 23ia-232a). Another possible explanation is that the Mamluk art of war might have gradually diverged from that of their Turco-Mongol nomad brethren under the influence both of sedentary living and of Muslim military precedent. The same might be true, though to a lesser degree, of the Mongol armies of Iran. As is well known, hunting was one of the main means of training for real war of the nomads of the steppe. In the reign of Baybars I the use of halkat sayd is mentioned much more frequently than in the reigns of later sultans. This might indicate the deterioration of nomad war usages amongst the Mamluks with the passing of time (for Mamluk military training see D. Ayalon, Notes on the Furusiyya exercises and games in the Mamluk Sultanate, in Scripta Hierosolymitana, ix, 31-62; T. Scanlon, A Muslim Manual of War, Cairo 1961).
Еще.
(a) In the battle of Abulustayn (675/April 1277) the Mongols dismounted from their horses and fought "to the death" (Nahdi, xiv, 424 5 -«; Ibn Kathir, xiii, 271-2; Nudium (C), vii, 168). This kind of warfare seems to have been quite common with the Mongols (for its repeated use in their war against the Khwarizmshah see Sibt Ibn al-Djawzi, 44318-447). The Mamluks do not seem to have used it at all. In the early Muslim period, however, this practice is often mentioned in the sources as having been employed in critical or desperate conditions (see, e.g., Dinawari, al-Akhbdr al-frwdl, 288; Ibn Sa c d, Taba^dt, ii/i, 93u-i.; Tabarl, i, i6i4 8 f; iii, 853 21 -54u; Ibn Khaldun, c lbar, iii, 338).
Для иллюстрации вот к этой заметке.
A recurrent phenomenon in the main battles fought out between the Mamluks and their adversaries was that the wings were usually defeated first, sometimes at the very start of the fighting, whereas the centre held out much longer. Very shortly after the opening of the fighting, the whole elaborate array would be greatly upset, for a wing of one of the opposing armies would soon crumble under the impact of the enemy's onslaught, and its soldiers take to flight, while the victorious wing on the opposite side would pursue it at full speed. It is noteworthy that even the side that was ultimately defeated succeeded quite often, during the initial stages of the fighting, in routing one of the enemy's wings and pursuing it. Both the pursued and the pursuing wings would get very far away from the main, scene of the battle, and thus would be kept in complete ignorance of the progress of the fighting (this occurs in the battle of Gaza against the Franks in 642/1244 (Sibt, 494 8 -ie) in the battle of al-Nasir Yusuf against Aybak in 648/1251 (Makin, 53-5; Suluk, i, 324-7; Nudium (Cairo), vii, 6 16 -7 2 ) in the battle of c Ayn Dialut and in the battle of Barkuk against his rivals at Shakhab in 792/1390 (Ibn al-Furat, ix, 185-7; Ibn Kadi Shuhba, fol. 59b 20-25 ; Manhal, fol. 47b 5-6 ). It happened more than once that the pursuing wing, on returning to the field of battle, discovered that the army to which it belonged had already been utterly routed.
Еще в копилку таких беспорядочных битв - Вторая битва при Хомсе и битва при Гаопине (со страницы 82).
One of the classical tactics employed by the Turkish and Mongol tribes in the field of battle was, as is well known, the encirclement of the enemy, and his annihilation within the tightening ring. The making of a ring (halka) around the opponent is mentioned very frequently in the furusiyya [q.v.] training-books composed during the Mamluk period, and very rarely in actual military exercises. The same tactics were also very common in hunting (darb halkat sayd), especially in the early decades of Mamluk rule (Suluk, i, 498,, 520^8, 5499-u, 584i-8, 7898-6, 85920-21, 42110-14; Ibn Abd al-Zahir, fol. 52a 7-10f 93b 11-16; Quatremere, Sultan Mamlouks, i/2, 147 ff.). As far as can be learnt, however, from the available sources, the Mamluks did not employ this method of warfare in any of their great battles, i.e., they never encircled the enemy in the battlefield and annihilated him after encirclement (they did so to certain sections of the defeated and pursued enemy, usually far away from the scene of the main battle. In the case of c Ayn Dialut the picture is not clear). One possible explanation for this fact is that neither of these two adversaries could employ the tactics of encirclement successfully against the other, because both of them were well versed in it (the Khwarizmians employed it with great success against the Franks in the battle of Gaza in 642/October 1244, see Sibt Ibn al-Djawzi, 4943-ie. In. 701/1302 the Mamluks quelled a great rising by the Bedouins in Upper Egypt by encircling them in a "halka like the hunting halka"-al-Mansuri, fol. 23ia-232a). Another possible explanation is that the Mamluk art of war might have gradually diverged from that of their Turco-Mongol nomad brethren under the influence both of sedentary living and of Muslim military precedent. The same might be true, though to a lesser degree, of the Mongol armies of Iran. As is well known, hunting was one of the main means of training for real war of the nomads of the steppe. In the reign of Baybars I the use of halkat sayd is mentioned much more frequently than in the reigns of later sultans. This might indicate the deterioration of nomad war usages amongst the Mamluks with the passing of time (for Mamluk military training see D. Ayalon, Notes on the Furusiyya exercises and games in the Mamluk Sultanate, in Scripta Hierosolymitana, ix, 31-62; T. Scanlon, A Muslim Manual of War, Cairo 1961).
Еще.
(a) In the battle of Abulustayn (675/April 1277) the Mongols dismounted from their horses and fought "to the death" (Nahdi, xiv, 424 5 -«; Ibn Kathir, xiii, 271-2; Nudium (C), vii, 168). This kind of warfare seems to have been quite common with the Mongols (for its repeated use in their war against the Khwarizmshah see Sibt Ibn al-Djawzi, 44318-447). The Mamluks do not seem to have used it at all. In the early Muslim period, however, this practice is often mentioned in the sources as having been employed in critical or desperate conditions (see, e.g., Dinawari, al-Akhbdr al-frwdl, 288; Ibn Sa c d, Taba^dt, ii/i, 93u-i.; Tabarl, i, i6i4 8 f; iii, 853 21 -54u; Ibn Khaldun, c lbar, iii, 338).
Для иллюстрации вот к этой заметке.