Nil Tekgul. Cash Loans to Ottoman Timariots during Military Campaigns
Nil Tekgul. Cash Loans to Ottoman Timariots during Military Campaigns (Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries). A Vulnerable Fiscal System? // Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Vol. 59, No. 4, 2016, pp. 590-617.
Насколько понимаю - Османы старались выжимать из тимарной системы максимум, но чудес все-таки не бывает. Поэтому реально в поход на удаленный ТВД (из Восточной Анатолии в Венгрию, к примеру) поднимали не всех. В "Щит и меч султана" приводятся примеры, когда в поход брали только определенные категории тимариотов ("с тимаром от 6000 акче", "только заимы"). Еще. Отчасти - тут.
Повысить уровень мобилизации могли за счет компенсации расходов (выплата бакшиша) и кредита.
The following text from Tacü’t-tevarih, an Ottoman chronicle, provides detailed information about the cash loans made to the timariots during the Çaldıran campaign of 1517:
During the conquest of Egypt, besides the sultan’s compensation in cash
(bahşiş-i ʿamm-ı padişahi), loans were made by the Imperial Treasury
to Rumelian timariots who could not benefit from their own sources of
income (dirliks), because their dirliks were far away and the routes of the
campaign were long. Rumelian judges were entrusted with the task of
organizing the repayment of loans-sometimes large-previously made
to timariots. Imperial decrees (ferman) were issued on how the loans
should be repaid and sent to the mentioned judges. It was ordered that
the agents of dirlik owners should collect the tax payments on behalf
of the timariots and that one judge from each subprovince should deliver
the collected amount immediately to the Palace in Istanbul.
The first question that arises is whether or not this practice implemented in 1517, when the timar as an institution was regarded as functional and efficient in maintaining an army, was exceptional: the recurring practice of making loans in the succeeding periods is evidence that it was not exceptional. In a record from the mühimme register dated 1569, the vizier, Mustafa Pasha, is ordered to make disbursements from the Aleppo treasury amounting to 100,000 flori as loans to timariots participating in the Yemen campaign and to see that each payment be properly recorded, including the amount, the name of the timar holder, and his village.
Similar cases appear in other Ottoman mühimme registers. In another record, from a mühimme register dated 1578 and addressed to Tırhala Beyi, he is ordered to disburse loans amounting to 45,000 kuruş to alaybegs, zeamet holders, and timariots who were participating in the eastern and the Şirvan campaigns and to take the utmost care in recording those payments in a register. It is further ordered that he should ensure that, if the timar grants were expropriated and transferred to someone else, they should be transferred together with their associated liabilities.
For example, imperial decrees were issued in 1639 to regulate the settlement of the loans made by the internal treasury to zaims (zeamet holders), and timariots during the army’s return from the Baghdad campaign. The addressees of these decrees were the Rumeli beylerbeyi (governor of province), the sancakbeys (governor of sub-province) of İşkodra, Vulçitrin, Vidin, Selanik, Alacahisar, Dukakin, Prezrin, Üsküp, Elvine, Vize, Kırkkilise, Niğbolu and the judges in these sancaks. In other words, it included almost all of the officials in Rumeli Beylerbeyliği (province), depicting vividly the financial difficulties faced by the Rumelian timariots. It was ordered that the sum of the loans previously made by the internal treasury to zeamet and timar holders on their return from the Baghdad campaign be collected, placed in sealed sacks, and transported to Istanbul to be submitted to the internal treasury.
Еще возможный пример. Иногда султан, кажется, мог возместить потерю лошади в походе.
Дополнительно - Pál Fodor. The Business of State: Ottoman Finance Administration and Ruling Elites in Transition (1580s -1615). 2018