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Meanwhile, parts of China burst into flames. “Boxers increasing”, US minister Edwin Conger wired Washington in May 1900. “Nine Methodits converts brutally muredered… the movement has developed just into a rebellion… Many Chinese soldiers disloyal”. Between June and early August 1900, the Boxers laid siege to the foreign compounds in Peking while killing the German minister and other foreigners. The power finally decided to send troops. President William McKinley, amid his own reelection campaign, used his newly acquired base at Manila to send 2,500 soldiers to Peking. This act set a crucial constitutional precedent, for McKinley deployed the troops and warships without congressional authorization, and not merely to protect American citizens but to punish a foreign government. Since the Manchus had joined the Boxers, the Chinese government responded by declaring war on the United States- a declaration ignored by the United States, which did not deign to reply.
Tokyo’s initial response was more cautious than McKinley’s, even after the British asked Japan to send military help before the cabinet responded. It finally dispatched the largest number of troops (22,000) and they fought the most effectively of all foreign contingents to lift the siege at last, on August 14, 1900. Some 76 foreigners had lost heir lives; about 180 others wounded. Japan emerged heroic.
But then, Russian troops that had fought with Americans and British and Japanese were heading toward Peking. Japanese and Americans debated on how to get them back beyond Chinese boundaries. On July 3, 1900, Hay sent a second open door note, asking to observe and uphold “Chinese territorial and administrative integrity”. Surprisingly, all the powers observed, but did not observe it. After hesitating, by late August, Russian troops refused to leave China.
For Americans, open door policy was a very important and foundamental point, while Japan had blown hot and cold on its response. This difference readily explain the enmity after 1905. But for several pressure-packed months in mid-1900, McKinley nearly gave up the hallowed policy for domestic and foreign reasons. The domestic reasons were the Democrats bashing against his policy. In China, Russia and Great Britain maneuvered to partition choice portions of the Empire. McKinley considered grabbing a strategic slice himself to protect the US interests. But Hay reminded him that they had no choice but cooperating with Japanese and British in maintaining the open door policy. Finally, Italy proposed a face-saving compromise that calmed the rivalry in Peking and provided the tsar with an excuse to retreat in Manchuria.
In the Boxer protocol of September 7, 1901, ten Western states plus Japan obliged China to pay $ 318 million indemnity and to accept stationed foreign troops in foreign quarters of Peking and some other strategic places. Even Japan did not obtain a lot from the deal because of its finances, they agreed to show a cooperative spirit.
Yamagata, Roosevelt, and the Russo-Japanese War
The legacy of the Boxer War was the Chinese nationalism and the explosive big Powers rivalry. Like the Japanese, the foreigners cared about maintaining their right over Chinese market. There was a dilemna between asking for concessions but at the same time becoming the target of its people’s xenophobia.
Tokyo’s initial response was more cautious than McKinley’s, even after the British asked Japan to send military help before the cabinet responded. It finally dispatched the largest number of troops (22,000) and they fought the most effectively of all foreign contingents to lift the siege at last, on August 14, 1900. Some 76 foreigners had lost heir lives; about 180 others wounded. Japan emerged heroic.
But then, Russian troops that had fought with Americans and British and Japanese were heading toward Peking. Japanese and Americans debated on how to get them back beyond Chinese boundaries. On July 3, 1900, Hay sent a second open door note, asking to observe and uphold “Chinese territorial and administrative integrity”. Surprisingly, all the powers observed, but did not observe it. After hesitating, by late August, Russian troops refused to leave China.
For Americans, open door policy was a very important and foundamental point, while Japan had blown hot and cold on its response. This difference readily explain the enmity after 1905. But for several pressure-packed months in mid-1900, McKinley nearly gave up the hallowed policy for domestic and foreign reasons. The domestic reasons were the Democrats bashing against his policy. In China, Russia and Great Britain maneuvered to partition choice portions of the Empire. McKinley considered grabbing a strategic slice himself to protect the US interests. But Hay reminded him that they had no choice but cooperating with Japanese and British in maintaining the open door policy. Finally, Italy proposed a face-saving compromise that calmed the rivalry in Peking and provided the tsar with an excuse to retreat in Manchuria.
In the Boxer protocol of September 7, 1901, ten Western states plus Japan obliged China to pay $ 318 million indemnity and to accept stationed foreign troops in foreign quarters of Peking and some other strategic places. Even Japan did not obtain a lot from the deal because of its finances, they agreed to show a cooperative spirit.
Yamagata, Roosevelt, and the Russo-Japanese War
The legacy of the Boxer War was the Chinese nationalism and the explosive big Powers rivalry. Like the Japanese, the foreigners cared about maintaining their right over Chinese market. There was a dilemna between asking for concessions but at the same time becoming the target of its people’s xenophobia.