shitty.
chromosomes - threadlike structures made of dna molecules that contain the genes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up
the chromosomes. ( a DNA molecule has two strands - forming a "double helix" - held together by
bonds between pairs of nucleotides.
genes - the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing
a protien.
genome - the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. the human
genome has 3 billion weakly bonded pars of the nucleotides oranized as coiled chains of DNA.
natural selection - the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely
be passed on to succeeding generations.
mutation - a random error in gene replication that leads to change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
evolutionar psychology - the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using priciples of natural selection. natural selection has favored genes that designed both behavioral
tendencies and information-processing systems that solved adaptive problems faced by our ancestors, thus contributing to the survival and spread of their genes.
gender- in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.
behavior genetics - the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
environment - every nongenetic influence, from parenatal nutritions to the people and things around us.
identical twins - twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.
faternal twins - twins who develop from separate eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.
temperament - a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intesity.
heritablity - the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range
of populations and environments studied.
interaction - the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor ( such as heredity)
molecular genetics - the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.
culture - the enduring behaviorsl, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
norm - an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
personal space - the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
memes - self - replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person.
x - chromosomes - the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have to x chromosomes; males have one. an x chromosome from each parent produces
a female child.
y - chromosomes - the sex chromosome found only in males. when paired with an x sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
testosterone - the most important of the male sex hormones. both males and femailes have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
role - a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
gender role - a set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
gender identity - ones sense of being male or female.
gender typing - the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
social learning theory - the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
gender schema theory - the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior
accordingly
CHAPTER 4
developmental psychology - a branch of psychology that studies physical, and cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
zygote - the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embyro.
embryo - the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
fetus - the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
teratogens - agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can be reach the embryo or fetus during a prenatal development and cause harm
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - physical and cognitive abnormailities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symtoms include noticeable facial misproportions
rooting reflex - a babys tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
maturation - biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
schema - a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation - interpreting one's new experience in terms of ones existing schemas
accommodation - adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
cognition - all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
sensorimotor stage - in piages theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
object performance - the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved.
preoperational stage - in piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2-7 years of age) during whicha a child learns to use language but does not yet
comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
conservation - the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain
the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
egocentrism - in piagets theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
theory of mind - peoples ideas about their own and others mental states about their feeling, perceptions, and thoughts abnd the behavior these might predict
autism - a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others states of minds
concrete operational stage - in piagets theory, the stage of congnitive development (from about 7-12) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage - in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development ( normal beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts.
stranger anxiety - the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
attachment - an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seekin closeness to the caregiver and showing destress on separation
critical period - an optimal period shortly after bith when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
imprinting - the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very ealry in life
basic trust - according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
adolescence - the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
puberty - the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
primary sex characteristics - the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
secondary sex characteristics - nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
menarche - the first menstrual period
identity - ones sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
intimacy - in eriksons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
menopause - the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experience as her ability to reproduce declines
alzheimers disease - a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration af memory, reasoning, language and finally, physical funtioning
cross- sectional study - a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
longitudinal study - research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
crystallized intelligence - ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence - ones ability to reason speedily and abstarctly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
social clock - the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up
the chromosomes. ( a DNA molecule has two strands - forming a "double helix" - held together by
bonds between pairs of nucleotides.
genes - the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing
a protien.
genome - the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. the human
genome has 3 billion weakly bonded pars of the nucleotides oranized as coiled chains of DNA.
natural selection - the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely
be passed on to succeeding generations.
mutation - a random error in gene replication that leads to change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
evolutionar psychology - the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using priciples of natural selection. natural selection has favored genes that designed both behavioral
tendencies and information-processing systems that solved adaptive problems faced by our ancestors, thus contributing to the survival and spread of their genes.
gender- in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.
behavior genetics - the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
environment - every nongenetic influence, from parenatal nutritions to the people and things around us.
identical twins - twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.
faternal twins - twins who develop from separate eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.
temperament - a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intesity.
heritablity - the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range
of populations and environments studied.
interaction - the dependence of the effect of one factor (such as environment) on another factor ( such as heredity)
molecular genetics - the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.
culture - the enduring behaviorsl, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
norm - an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe "proper" behavior.
personal space - the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
memes - self - replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person.
x - chromosomes - the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females have to x chromosomes; males have one. an x chromosome from each parent produces
a female child.
y - chromosomes - the sex chromosome found only in males. when paired with an x sex chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
testosterone - the most important of the male sex hormones. both males and femailes have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
role - a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
gender role - a set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
gender identity - ones sense of being male or female.
gender typing - the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
social learning theory - the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
gender schema theory - the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior
accordingly
CHAPTER 4
developmental psychology - a branch of psychology that studies physical, and cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
zygote - the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embyro.
embryo - the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
fetus - the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
teratogens - agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can be reach the embryo or fetus during a prenatal development and cause harm
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - physical and cognitive abnormailities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symtoms include noticeable facial misproportions
rooting reflex - a babys tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
maturation - biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
schema - a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation - interpreting one's new experience in terms of ones existing schemas
accommodation - adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
cognition - all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
sensorimotor stage - in piages theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
object performance - the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved.
preoperational stage - in piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2-7 years of age) during whicha a child learns to use language but does not yet
comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
conservation - the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain
the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
egocentrism - in piagets theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
theory of mind - peoples ideas about their own and others mental states about their feeling, perceptions, and thoughts abnd the behavior these might predict
autism - a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others states of minds
concrete operational stage - in piagets theory, the stage of congnitive development (from about 7-12) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage - in piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development ( normal beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts.
stranger anxiety - the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
attachment - an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seekin closeness to the caregiver and showing destress on separation
critical period - an optimal period shortly after bith when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
imprinting - the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very ealry in life
basic trust - according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
adolescence - the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
puberty - the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
primary sex characteristics - the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
secondary sex characteristics - nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
menarche - the first menstrual period
identity - ones sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
intimacy - in eriksons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
menopause - the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experience as her ability to reproduce declines
alzheimers disease - a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration af memory, reasoning, language and finally, physical funtioning
cross- sectional study - a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
longitudinal study - research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
crystallized intelligence - ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence - ones ability to reason speedily and abstarctly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
social clock - the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement