(no subject)
Since the publication of literary work, “the communist manifesto” in 1848, this new government policy, religion and economy has flourished in the past century or so, more than ever. The overwhelming appeal of the proposed justice to the mass of low-end industry victims and the promotion of equality, it is hard to fight the flow of such an ideal. But as many other ideals soon fall short of what they are to be, this too is one of them.
The communist theory was based on the materialistic blemish of history’s nations and communities, teaching the inevitability of a struggle between the capitalists, and the proletariat (or blue-collar workers). According to Marx, as industrialization proceeds, the middle classes will disappear and the span between the capitalists and the proletariat will progressively widen. When the number of the capitalists has become very minute the proletariat will rise and establish the “dictatorship of the proletariat”. The very first evidence of the communist ideal materialized was in London, England in 1864 with the establishment of the First International. It lasted until 1876. Supporters of the First International were members of different moderate and radical groups in France, Germany, Italy, England, and Spain.
In 1889 the Second International was formed and it continued until 1914. The Third International, known as the Communist International was formed in Moscow in 1919. Meanwhile the Second International was revived by the Socialists and was known as the Berne International. The Communist International was closely connected with the Russian Left Wing Social Democrats. The Social Democratic Party was split between the moderate Mensheviki and the Bolsheviki. The Mensheviki originally had a preponderance of power in the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers and then seized control shortly after the revolution, but they were displaced by the Bolsheviki. The Bolsheviki became known as the Communists, and then went to adopt a constitution, which limited the political control of the government to a small body, the members of the Communist Party.
They then established a dictatorship of a well-disciplined group people whom formed a very small proportion of the entire population. The Comintern acted to spread the doctrine of the world revolution, for one of the tenets of communism is that the interests of the proletariat are world wide, and therefore the final aim of communism is the abolition of national boundaries. So then parties throughout the world cooperated with the Comintern in their effort to spread the teachings of Marx. Within the Russian Communist Party various differences of opinion arose. The peasants were dissatisfied with communism in the early 1920’s and the leaders of the Party split on whether the land of the peasants should be communized immediately or whether the government should pursue a policy of doing away gradually with the private ownership of land. Another point of variance was the belief held by some that Russia should first consolidate its position internally before attempting to bring about communism in other countries.
After the death of Lenin in 1927, Trotsky and Stalin, leaders of the Bolsheviki during and after the Revolution, each attempted to assume the leadership of the party. Stalin believed in the more moderate policies of the gradual acquisition of peasant land and the concentration on internal affairs, while Trotsky believed in the immediate acquisition of the peasants’ holdings, and in aggressive attempts to foment world revolution. Though Trotsky’s principle was closer related to the teachings of Marx Stalin was victorious and Trotsky was removed from the Comintern and exiled in 1929.
Three important developments marked the course of communism within the decade. Stalin’s establishment of a rigid dictatorship within the Soviet Union, increased concentration on the development of communism within the USSR rather than its spread by revolution to other countries, and a shift in the policies of communist parties abroad. Beginning in 1934 these parties, motivated by the growing fear of Russian fascism, attempted to form alliances with socialists and liberal groups. This new program was an effort to further the policy of “collective security”, or cooperation of the democracies and the Soviet Union to halt fascism. The complete defeat of the democracies at the Munich Conference in 1938 marked the failure of this policy.
Despite Stalin’s delay to educate other nations of the up-and-coming communist renaissance in Russia, their achievement was still identified. Soon many nations were desperately searching for their path to communism, with an overwhelming appeal to head government officials and the poor it came quickly to third-world countries. But even to some of the most prosperous nations this looked like a chance for glory. In a matter of time Afghanistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Ethiopia, Hungary, Libya, Laos, North Korea, Mongolia, People's Republic of China, Poland, Romania, South Yemen, The Soviet Union, and Vietnam exposed their nation to communism.
To some this may of looked as the epidemic soon to take the world but on the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall, the most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe came down. Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Thousands of East Germans streamed into the West, and in the course of the night, celebrants on both sides of the wall began to tear it down.
The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the culminating point of the revolutionary changes sweeping East Central Europe in 1989. Throughout the Soviet bloc, reformers assumed power and ended over 40 years of dictatorial Communist rule. In Poland, the Communists entered into round-table talks with a reinvigorated Solidarity. As a result, Poland held its first competitive elections since before World War II, and in 1989, Solidarity formed the first non-Communist government within the Soviet bloc since 1948. Inspired by their neighbors’ reforms, East Germans took to the streets in the summer and fall of 1989 to call for reforms, including freedom to visit West Berlin and West Germany. In the wake of the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Czechs and Slovaks took to the streets to demand political reforms in Czechoslovakia. Leading the demonstrations in Prague was rebellious the dramatist Vaclav Havel. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia quietly and peacefully transferred rule to Havel and the Czechoslovak reformers in what was later dubbed the “Velvet Revolution.” In Romania, the Communist regime of tyrant Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown by popular protest and force of arms in December 1989. Soon, the Communist parties of Bulgaria and Albania also ceded power.
The only remnant of past communist countries lies in six wilting nations, China whom recently allowed economic strong hold Hong Kong (once delivered back from England in 1997) to stay a free enterprise as their economy plunges under the weight of 1,286,975,468 Chinese. Cuba since being boycotted by economic trade center, The United States, has had trouble managing. The rest of whom have had a hard time surviving under the communist tyranny.
The communist theory was based on the materialistic blemish of history’s nations and communities, teaching the inevitability of a struggle between the capitalists, and the proletariat (or blue-collar workers). According to Marx, as industrialization proceeds, the middle classes will disappear and the span between the capitalists and the proletariat will progressively widen. When the number of the capitalists has become very minute the proletariat will rise and establish the “dictatorship of the proletariat”. The very first evidence of the communist ideal materialized was in London, England in 1864 with the establishment of the First International. It lasted until 1876. Supporters of the First International were members of different moderate and radical groups in France, Germany, Italy, England, and Spain.
In 1889 the Second International was formed and it continued until 1914. The Third International, known as the Communist International was formed in Moscow in 1919. Meanwhile the Second International was revived by the Socialists and was known as the Berne International. The Communist International was closely connected with the Russian Left Wing Social Democrats. The Social Democratic Party was split between the moderate Mensheviki and the Bolsheviki. The Mensheviki originally had a preponderance of power in the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers and then seized control shortly after the revolution, but they were displaced by the Bolsheviki. The Bolsheviki became known as the Communists, and then went to adopt a constitution, which limited the political control of the government to a small body, the members of the Communist Party.
They then established a dictatorship of a well-disciplined group people whom formed a very small proportion of the entire population. The Comintern acted to spread the doctrine of the world revolution, for one of the tenets of communism is that the interests of the proletariat are world wide, and therefore the final aim of communism is the abolition of national boundaries. So then parties throughout the world cooperated with the Comintern in their effort to spread the teachings of Marx. Within the Russian Communist Party various differences of opinion arose. The peasants were dissatisfied with communism in the early 1920’s and the leaders of the Party split on whether the land of the peasants should be communized immediately or whether the government should pursue a policy of doing away gradually with the private ownership of land. Another point of variance was the belief held by some that Russia should first consolidate its position internally before attempting to bring about communism in other countries.
After the death of Lenin in 1927, Trotsky and Stalin, leaders of the Bolsheviki during and after the Revolution, each attempted to assume the leadership of the party. Stalin believed in the more moderate policies of the gradual acquisition of peasant land and the concentration on internal affairs, while Trotsky believed in the immediate acquisition of the peasants’ holdings, and in aggressive attempts to foment world revolution. Though Trotsky’s principle was closer related to the teachings of Marx Stalin was victorious and Trotsky was removed from the Comintern and exiled in 1929.
Three important developments marked the course of communism within the decade. Stalin’s establishment of a rigid dictatorship within the Soviet Union, increased concentration on the development of communism within the USSR rather than its spread by revolution to other countries, and a shift in the policies of communist parties abroad. Beginning in 1934 these parties, motivated by the growing fear of Russian fascism, attempted to form alliances with socialists and liberal groups. This new program was an effort to further the policy of “collective security”, or cooperation of the democracies and the Soviet Union to halt fascism. The complete defeat of the democracies at the Munich Conference in 1938 marked the failure of this policy.
Despite Stalin’s delay to educate other nations of the up-and-coming communist renaissance in Russia, their achievement was still identified. Soon many nations were desperately searching for their path to communism, with an overwhelming appeal to head government officials and the poor it came quickly to third-world countries. But even to some of the most prosperous nations this looked like a chance for glory. In a matter of time Afghanistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Ethiopia, Hungary, Libya, Laos, North Korea, Mongolia, People's Republic of China, Poland, Romania, South Yemen, The Soviet Union, and Vietnam exposed their nation to communism.
To some this may of looked as the epidemic soon to take the world but on the night of November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall, the most potent symbol of the cold-war division of Europe came down. Earlier that day, the Communist authorities of the German Democratic Republic had announced the removal of travel restrictions to democratic West Berlin. Thousands of East Germans streamed into the West, and in the course of the night, celebrants on both sides of the wall began to tear it down.
The collapse of the Berlin Wall was the culminating point of the revolutionary changes sweeping East Central Europe in 1989. Throughout the Soviet bloc, reformers assumed power and ended over 40 years of dictatorial Communist rule. In Poland, the Communists entered into round-table talks with a reinvigorated Solidarity. As a result, Poland held its first competitive elections since before World War II, and in 1989, Solidarity formed the first non-Communist government within the Soviet bloc since 1948. Inspired by their neighbors’ reforms, East Germans took to the streets in the summer and fall of 1989 to call for reforms, including freedom to visit West Berlin and West Germany. In the wake of the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Czechs and Slovaks took to the streets to demand political reforms in Czechoslovakia. Leading the demonstrations in Prague was rebellious the dramatist Vaclav Havel. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia quietly and peacefully transferred rule to Havel and the Czechoslovak reformers in what was later dubbed the “Velvet Revolution.” In Romania, the Communist regime of tyrant Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown by popular protest and force of arms in December 1989. Soon, the Communist parties of Bulgaria and Albania also ceded power.
The only remnant of past communist countries lies in six wilting nations, China whom recently allowed economic strong hold Hong Kong (once delivered back from England in 1997) to stay a free enterprise as their economy plunges under the weight of 1,286,975,468 Chinese. Cuba since being boycotted by economic trade center, The United States, has had trouble managing. The rest of whom have had a hard time surviving under the communist tyranny.