Peter the First, Czar of Muscovy.
THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND
from the Accession of James II
by Thomas Babington Macaulay
in 3 vols. / vol. 3
Made in Great Britain
Last reprinted 1946
On the 10th of January a vessel from Holland anchored off Greenwich & was welcomed with great respect. Peter the First, Czar of Muscovy, was on board. He took boat with a few attendants & was rowed up the Thames to Norfolk Street, where a house overlooking the river had been prepared for his reception.
His journey is an epoch in the history, not only of his own country, but of our's, & of the world. To the polished nations of Western Europe, the empire which he governed had till beenwhat Bokhara or Siam is to us. That empire indeed, though less extensive than at present, was the most extensive that had ever obeyed a single chief. The dominions of Alexander & of Trajan were small when compared with the immense area of the Scythian desert. But in the estimation of statesmen that boudless expanse of larch forest & morass, where the snow lay deep during eight months of every year, & where a wretched peasantry could with difficulty devend their hovels against troops of famished wolves, was of less account than the two or three square miles into wich were crowded the counting houses, the warehouses, & the innumerable masts of Amsterdam. On the Baltic Russia had not then a single port. Her maritime trade with the other nations of Christendom was entirely carried on at Archangel, a place which had been created & was supported by adventures from our island. In the days of Tudors, a ship from England, seeking a north east passage to the land of silk & spice, had discovered the White Sea. The barbarians who dwelt on shores of that deary gulf had never before seen such a portent as as a vessel of a hundred & sixty tons burden. They fled in terror; &, when they were pursued & overtaken, prostrated themselves before the chief of the strangers & kissed his feet. He succeeded in opening a friendly communication with them; & from that time there had been a regular commercial intercourse between our country & the subjects of the Czar. A Russia Company was incorporated in London. An English factory was built in Archangel. That factory was indeed, even in the latter part of the seventeenth century, a rude & mean building. The walls consisted of trees laid one upon another; & the roof was of birch bark. This shelter, however, was sufficient in the long summer day of the Arctic regions. Regulary at that season several English ships cast anchor in the bay. A fair was held on the beach. Traders came from a distance of many hundreds of miles to the only mart where they could exchange hemp & tar, hides & tallow, wax & honey, the fur of the sable & the wolverine, & the roe of the sturgeon of the Volga, for Manchester stuffs, Sheffierd knives, Birmingham buttons, sugar from Jamaica & pepper from Malabar. The commerce in these articles was open. But there was a secret traffic wich was not less active or less lucrative, though the Russian laws had made it punishable, & though the Russian divines pronounced it damnable. In general the mandates of princes & the lessons of priests were received by the Muscovite with profounded reverence. But the authority of his princes & of his priests united could not keep him from tobacco. Pipes he could not obtain; but a cow's horn perforated served his turn. From every Archangel fair rolls of the best Virginia speedily found the way to Novgorod & Tobolsk.
The commercial intercourse between England & Russia made some diplomatic intercourse necessary. The diplomatic intercourse however was occasional. The Czar had no permanent ministeer here. We had no permanent minister at Moscow; & even at Archangel we had no consul. Three or four times in a century extraordinary embassies were sent from Whitehall to the Kremlin & from the Kremlin to Whitehall.
The English embassies had historians whose narratives may still be read with interest. Those historians described vividly, & sometimes bitterly, the savage ignorance & the squalid poverty of the barbarous country in which they had sojourned. In that country, they said, there was neither literature nor science, neither school nor college. It was not till more than a hundred years after the invention of printing that a single printing press had been introduced into the Russian empire; & that printing press speedly perished in a fire wich was supposed to have been kindled by the priests. Even in the seventeenth century the library of a prelate of the first dignity consisted of a few manuscripts. Those manuscripts too were in long rolls: for the art of bookbinding was unknown. The best educated men could barely read & write. It was much if the secretary to whom was intrusted the direction of negotiations with forein powers had a sufficient smattering og Dog Latin to make himself understood. The arithmetic was the arithmetic of the dark ages. The denary notation was unknown. Even in the Imperial Treasury the computations were made by the help of balls stung on wires. Round the person of the Sovereign there was a blaze of gold & jewels: but even in his most splendid palaces were to be found the filth & misery of an Irish cabin. So late as the year 1663 the gentlemen of the retinue of the Earl of Carlisle were, in the city of Moscow, thrust into a single bedroom, & were told that, if they did not remain together, they would be in danger of being devoured by rats.
Such was the report which the English legations made of what they had seen & suffered in Russia; & their evidence was confirmed by appearance wich the Russian legations made in England. The strangers spoke no civilised language. Their garb, their gestures, their salutations, had a wild & barbarous character. The ambassador & the grandees who accompained him were so gorgeous that all London crowded to stare at them. They came to the court balls dropping pearls & vermin. It was said that one envoy cudgelled the lords of his train whenever they soiled the or lost any part of their finery, & that another had with difficulty been prevented from putting his son to death for crime of shaving & dressing after the French fashion.
Our ancestors therefore were not a little surprised to learn that a young barbarian, who had, at seventeen years of age, become the autocrat of the immense region stretching from the confines of Sweden to those of China , & whose education has been inferiour to that of an English farmer or shopman, had planned gigantic improvements, had learned enough of some languages of Western Europe to enable him to communicate with civilised men, had begun to surround himself with able adventures from various parts of the world, had sent many of his young subjects to study languages, arts & sciences in foreign cities, & finally had determined to travel as a private man, & to discover, by personal observation, the secret of the immense prosperity & power enjoyed by some communities whose whole territory was far less than the hundredth part of his dominions.
It might have been expected that France would have been the first object of his curiosity. For the grace & dignity of the French King, the splendour of the French Court, the discipline of the French armies, & the genious & learning of French writers, were than renowned all over the world. But the Czar's mind had early taken a strange ply which it retained to the last. His empire was of all empires the least capable of being made a great naval power. The Swedish provinces lay between his States & the Baltic. The Bosporous & the Dazrdanelles lay between his States & the Meditterranean. He had access to the ocean only in a latitude in wich navigation is, during a great part of every year, perilous & difficult. On the ocean he had only a single port, Archangel; & the whole shipping of Archangel was foreign. There did not exist a Russian vessel larger than a fishing-boat. Yet, from the same cause which cannot now be traced, he had a taste for maritime pursuits which amounted to a passion, indeed almost to a monomania. His imagination was full of sails, yardarms, & rudders. That large mind, equal to the highest duties of the general & the statesman, contracted itself to the most minute details of naval architecture & naval discipline. The chief ambition of the great conqueror & legislator was to be a good boatswain & a good ship's carpenter. Holland & England therefore had for him an attraction which was wanting to the galleries & terraces of Versailles. He repaired to Amsterdam, took a lodging in the dockyard, assumed the garb of a pilot, put down his name on the list of workmen, wielded with his own hand the caulking iron & the mallet, fixed the pumps, & twisted the ropes. Ambassadors who came to pay their respects to him were forced, much against their will, to clamber up the rigging of a man of war, & would found him enthorned on the cross trees.
Such was the prince whom the poulace of London now crowded to behold. His stately form, his intellectual forehead, his piercing black eyes, his Tartar nose & mouth, his gracious smile, his frown black with all the stormy rage & hate of barbaryan tyrant, & above all a strange nervous convulsion which sometimes transformed his countenance during a few moments, into an object on wich it was impossible to look without terror, the immense quantities of meat which he devoured, the pints of brandy wich he swallowed, & which, it was said, he had carefully distilled with his own hands, the fool who jabbered at his feet, the monkey which grinned at the back of his chair, were, during some weeks, popular topics of conversation. He meanwhile shunned the public gaze with a haughty shyness which inflamed curiosity. He went to a play; but, as soon as he perceived that pit, boxes & galleries were staring, not at the stage, but a him, he retired to a back bench where he was screened from the observation by his attendants. He was disirous to a see a sitting of the house of Lords; but, as he was determined not to be seen, he was forced to climb out the leads, & to peep through a small window. He heard with great interest the royal assent given to a bill for rasing fifteen hundred thousand pounds by land tax, & learned with amazement that this sum, though larger by one half than the whole revenue which he could wring from the population of the immense empire of which he was absolute master, was but a small part of what the Commons of England voluntarily granted every year to their constitutional King.
William [the Third] judiciously humoured the whilms of his illustrious guest, & stole to Norfolk Srtreet so quietly that nobody in the neighbourhood recognised His Majesty in the thin gentleman who got out of the modest looking coach at the Czar's loggings. The Czar returned the visit with the same precausions, & was admitted into Kensington House by a back door. It was afterwards known that he took no notice of the fine pictures with which the palace was adorned. But over the chimney of the royal sitting room was a plate which, by an ingenious machinery, indicated the direction of the wind; & with this plate he was in raptures.
He soon became weary of his residence. He found that he was too far from the objects of his curiosity. He accordingly removed to Deptford, & was there lodged in the house of John Evelyn, a house which had long been a ravourite resort of men of letters, men of taste & men of science. Here Peter gave himself up to his favourite pursuits. He navigated a yacht every day up & down the river. His apartment was crowded with models of three deckers & two deckers, frigates, sloops & fireships. The only Englishman of rank in whose society he seemed to take much pleasure was the eccentric Caermarthen, whose passion for the sea bore some resemblance of his own, & who was wery competent to give an opinion about every part of a ship from the stem to stern. Caermarthen, indeed, became so great a favourite that he prevailed on the Czar to consent to the admission of a limited quantity of tobacco into Russia. There was reason to apprehend that the Russian clergy would cry against any relaxation of the ancient rule, & would strenously maintain that practice of smoking was condemned by that text wich declares that man is defiled, not by those things which enter in at the mouth, but by those which proceed out of it. This apprehension was expressed by a deputation of merchants who were admitted to an audience of the Czar: but they were reassured by the air with wich he told them that he knew how to keep riests in order.
He was indeed so free from any bigoted attachment to the religion in wich he had been brought up that both Papists & Protestants hoped at diffenent times to make him a proselyte. Burnet, commisionned by his brethren, & impelled, no doubt, by his own restless curiousity & love of meddling, repaired to Deptford & was honoured with several audiences. The Czar could not be persuaded to exibit himself at Saint Paul's; but he was induced to visit Lambeth palace. There he saw the ceremony of ordination performed, & expressed warm approbation of the Anglican ritual. Nothing in England astonished him so much as the Archiepiscopal library. It was the first good collection of books that he had seen; & he declared that he had never imagined that there were so many printed wolumes in the world.
The impression which he had made on Burnet was not favourable. The good bishop could not understand that a mind which seemed to be chiefly occupied with questions about the best place for a capstain & the best way of rigging a jury mast might be capable, not merely of ruling empire, but of creating a nation. He complained that he had gone to see a great prince, & had found only an industrious shipwright. nor does Evelyn seem to have formed a much more favourable opinion of his august tenant. It was, indeed, not in the character of a tenant that the Czar was likely to gain the good word of civilised men. With all the high qualities which were peculiar to himself, he had all the filthy habits wich were the common among his countrymen. To the end of his life, while disciplining armies, founding schools, framing codes, organizing tribunals, building cities in deserts, joinig distant seas by artificial rivers, he lived in his place like a hog in a sty; &, when he was entertained by other sovereigns, never failed to leave on their tapestired walls & velvet state beds unequivocal proof that a savage had been there. Evelyn's house was left in such a state that the Treasury quieted his complients with a considerable sum of money.
Towards the close of March the Czar visited Portsmouth, saw a sham sea-flight at Spithead, watched every movement of the contending fleets with intense interest, & expressed in warm terms his gratitude to the hospitable government which had provided so delightful a spectacle for his amusement & instruction. After passing more than three month in England, he departed in a good humour.
As to Czar: - Londo Gazette; Van Citters, 1698; Jan. 11|21, 14|24; Mar. 11|21, Mar.22|Apr.1, Mar.29|Apr.8; L'Hermitage, Jan. 11|21, 18|28; Jan.25|Feb.4; Feb 1|11, 8|18, 11|21; Feb.25|Mar.7; Mar. 4|14, Mar. 9|April8; April22|May2. See Also Evelyn's diary; Burnet; Postman, Jan. 13, 15; Feb. 10, 12, 24; Mar. 24, 26, 31. As to Russia, see Haklyut, Purchas, Voltaire, St.Simon. Estat de Russie par Margeret, Paris 1607. State of Russia, London, 1671. La Relation des Trois Ambassades de M. Le Comte de Carlisle, Amsterdam, 1672. (There is an English translation from this French original.) Nort's Life of Dudley Nort. Seymour's History of Londin, ii 426. Pepys & Evelyn on the Russian Embassies; Milton's account of Muscovy. On the personal habits of the Czar see the Memories of the Margravine of Bareuth.
from the Accession of James II
by Thomas Babington Macaulay
in 3 vols. / vol. 3
Made in Great Britain
Last reprinted 1946
On the 10th of January a vessel from Holland anchored off Greenwich & was welcomed with great respect. Peter the First, Czar of Muscovy, was on board. He took boat with a few attendants & was rowed up the Thames to Norfolk Street, where a house overlooking the river had been prepared for his reception.
His journey is an epoch in the history, not only of his own country, but of our's, & of the world. To the polished nations of Western Europe, the empire which he governed had till beenwhat Bokhara or Siam is to us. That empire indeed, though less extensive than at present, was the most extensive that had ever obeyed a single chief. The dominions of Alexander & of Trajan were small when compared with the immense area of the Scythian desert. But in the estimation of statesmen that boudless expanse of larch forest & morass, where the snow lay deep during eight months of every year, & where a wretched peasantry could with difficulty devend their hovels against troops of famished wolves, was of less account than the two or three square miles into wich were crowded the counting houses, the warehouses, & the innumerable masts of Amsterdam. On the Baltic Russia had not then a single port. Her maritime trade with the other nations of Christendom was entirely carried on at Archangel, a place which had been created & was supported by adventures from our island. In the days of Tudors, a ship from England, seeking a north east passage to the land of silk & spice, had discovered the White Sea. The barbarians who dwelt on shores of that deary gulf had never before seen such a portent as as a vessel of a hundred & sixty tons burden. They fled in terror; &, when they were pursued & overtaken, prostrated themselves before the chief of the strangers & kissed his feet. He succeeded in opening a friendly communication with them; & from that time there had been a regular commercial intercourse between our country & the subjects of the Czar. A Russia Company was incorporated in London. An English factory was built in Archangel. That factory was indeed, even in the latter part of the seventeenth century, a rude & mean building. The walls consisted of trees laid one upon another; & the roof was of birch bark. This shelter, however, was sufficient in the long summer day of the Arctic regions. Regulary at that season several English ships cast anchor in the bay. A fair was held on the beach. Traders came from a distance of many hundreds of miles to the only mart where they could exchange hemp & tar, hides & tallow, wax & honey, the fur of the sable & the wolverine, & the roe of the sturgeon of the Volga, for Manchester stuffs, Sheffierd knives, Birmingham buttons, sugar from Jamaica & pepper from Malabar. The commerce in these articles was open. But there was a secret traffic wich was not less active or less lucrative, though the Russian laws had made it punishable, & though the Russian divines pronounced it damnable. In general the mandates of princes & the lessons of priests were received by the Muscovite with profounded reverence. But the authority of his princes & of his priests united could not keep him from tobacco. Pipes he could not obtain; but a cow's horn perforated served his turn. From every Archangel fair rolls of the best Virginia speedily found the way to Novgorod & Tobolsk.
The commercial intercourse between England & Russia made some diplomatic intercourse necessary. The diplomatic intercourse however was occasional. The Czar had no permanent ministeer here. We had no permanent minister at Moscow; & even at Archangel we had no consul. Three or four times in a century extraordinary embassies were sent from Whitehall to the Kremlin & from the Kremlin to Whitehall.
The English embassies had historians whose narratives may still be read with interest. Those historians described vividly, & sometimes bitterly, the savage ignorance & the squalid poverty of the barbarous country in which they had sojourned. In that country, they said, there was neither literature nor science, neither school nor college. It was not till more than a hundred years after the invention of printing that a single printing press had been introduced into the Russian empire; & that printing press speedly perished in a fire wich was supposed to have been kindled by the priests. Even in the seventeenth century the library of a prelate of the first dignity consisted of a few manuscripts. Those manuscripts too were in long rolls: for the art of bookbinding was unknown. The best educated men could barely read & write. It was much if the secretary to whom was intrusted the direction of negotiations with forein powers had a sufficient smattering og Dog Latin to make himself understood. The arithmetic was the arithmetic of the dark ages. The denary notation was unknown. Even in the Imperial Treasury the computations were made by the help of balls stung on wires. Round the person of the Sovereign there was a blaze of gold & jewels: but even in his most splendid palaces were to be found the filth & misery of an Irish cabin. So late as the year 1663 the gentlemen of the retinue of the Earl of Carlisle were, in the city of Moscow, thrust into a single bedroom, & were told that, if they did not remain together, they would be in danger of being devoured by rats.
Such was the report which the English legations made of what they had seen & suffered in Russia; & their evidence was confirmed by appearance wich the Russian legations made in England. The strangers spoke no civilised language. Their garb, their gestures, their salutations, had a wild & barbarous character. The ambassador & the grandees who accompained him were so gorgeous that all London crowded to stare at them. They came to the court balls dropping pearls & vermin. It was said that one envoy cudgelled the lords of his train whenever they soiled the or lost any part of their finery, & that another had with difficulty been prevented from putting his son to death for crime of shaving & dressing after the French fashion.
Our ancestors therefore were not a little surprised to learn that a young barbarian, who had, at seventeen years of age, become the autocrat of the immense region stretching from the confines of Sweden to those of China , & whose education has been inferiour to that of an English farmer or shopman, had planned gigantic improvements, had learned enough of some languages of Western Europe to enable him to communicate with civilised men, had begun to surround himself with able adventures from various parts of the world, had sent many of his young subjects to study languages, arts & sciences in foreign cities, & finally had determined to travel as a private man, & to discover, by personal observation, the secret of the immense prosperity & power enjoyed by some communities whose whole territory was far less than the hundredth part of his dominions.
It might have been expected that France would have been the first object of his curiosity. For the grace & dignity of the French King, the splendour of the French Court, the discipline of the French armies, & the genious & learning of French writers, were than renowned all over the world. But the Czar's mind had early taken a strange ply which it retained to the last. His empire was of all empires the least capable of being made a great naval power. The Swedish provinces lay between his States & the Baltic. The Bosporous & the Dazrdanelles lay between his States & the Meditterranean. He had access to the ocean only in a latitude in wich navigation is, during a great part of every year, perilous & difficult. On the ocean he had only a single port, Archangel; & the whole shipping of Archangel was foreign. There did not exist a Russian vessel larger than a fishing-boat. Yet, from the same cause which cannot now be traced, he had a taste for maritime pursuits which amounted to a passion, indeed almost to a monomania. His imagination was full of sails, yardarms, & rudders. That large mind, equal to the highest duties of the general & the statesman, contracted itself to the most minute details of naval architecture & naval discipline. The chief ambition of the great conqueror & legislator was to be a good boatswain & a good ship's carpenter. Holland & England therefore had for him an attraction which was wanting to the galleries & terraces of Versailles. He repaired to Amsterdam, took a lodging in the dockyard, assumed the garb of a pilot, put down his name on the list of workmen, wielded with his own hand the caulking iron & the mallet, fixed the pumps, & twisted the ropes. Ambassadors who came to pay their respects to him were forced, much against their will, to clamber up the rigging of a man of war, & would found him enthorned on the cross trees.
Such was the prince whom the poulace of London now crowded to behold. His stately form, his intellectual forehead, his piercing black eyes, his Tartar nose & mouth, his gracious smile, his frown black with all the stormy rage & hate of barbaryan tyrant, & above all a strange nervous convulsion which sometimes transformed his countenance during a few moments, into an object on wich it was impossible to look without terror, the immense quantities of meat which he devoured, the pints of brandy wich he swallowed, & which, it was said, he had carefully distilled with his own hands, the fool who jabbered at his feet, the monkey which grinned at the back of his chair, were, during some weeks, popular topics of conversation. He meanwhile shunned the public gaze with a haughty shyness which inflamed curiosity. He went to a play; but, as soon as he perceived that pit, boxes & galleries were staring, not at the stage, but a him, he retired to a back bench where he was screened from the observation by his attendants. He was disirous to a see a sitting of the house of Lords; but, as he was determined not to be seen, he was forced to climb out the leads, & to peep through a small window. He heard with great interest the royal assent given to a bill for rasing fifteen hundred thousand pounds by land tax, & learned with amazement that this sum, though larger by one half than the whole revenue which he could wring from the population of the immense empire of which he was absolute master, was but a small part of what the Commons of England voluntarily granted every year to their constitutional King.
William [the Third] judiciously humoured the whilms of his illustrious guest, & stole to Norfolk Srtreet so quietly that nobody in the neighbourhood recognised His Majesty in the thin gentleman who got out of the modest looking coach at the Czar's loggings. The Czar returned the visit with the same precausions, & was admitted into Kensington House by a back door. It was afterwards known that he took no notice of the fine pictures with which the palace was adorned. But over the chimney of the royal sitting room was a plate which, by an ingenious machinery, indicated the direction of the wind; & with this plate he was in raptures.
He soon became weary of his residence. He found that he was too far from the objects of his curiosity. He accordingly removed to Deptford, & was there lodged in the house of John Evelyn, a house which had long been a ravourite resort of men of letters, men of taste & men of science. Here Peter gave himself up to his favourite pursuits. He navigated a yacht every day up & down the river. His apartment was crowded with models of three deckers & two deckers, frigates, sloops & fireships. The only Englishman of rank in whose society he seemed to take much pleasure was the eccentric Caermarthen, whose passion for the sea bore some resemblance of his own, & who was wery competent to give an opinion about every part of a ship from the stem to stern. Caermarthen, indeed, became so great a favourite that he prevailed on the Czar to consent to the admission of a limited quantity of tobacco into Russia. There was reason to apprehend that the Russian clergy would cry against any relaxation of the ancient rule, & would strenously maintain that practice of smoking was condemned by that text wich declares that man is defiled, not by those things which enter in at the mouth, but by those which proceed out of it. This apprehension was expressed by a deputation of merchants who were admitted to an audience of the Czar: but they were reassured by the air with wich he told them that he knew how to keep riests in order.
He was indeed so free from any bigoted attachment to the religion in wich he had been brought up that both Papists & Protestants hoped at diffenent times to make him a proselyte. Burnet, commisionned by his brethren, & impelled, no doubt, by his own restless curiousity & love of meddling, repaired to Deptford & was honoured with several audiences. The Czar could not be persuaded to exibit himself at Saint Paul's; but he was induced to visit Lambeth palace. There he saw the ceremony of ordination performed, & expressed warm approbation of the Anglican ritual. Nothing in England astonished him so much as the Archiepiscopal library. It was the first good collection of books that he had seen; & he declared that he had never imagined that there were so many printed wolumes in the world.
The impression which he had made on Burnet was not favourable. The good bishop could not understand that a mind which seemed to be chiefly occupied with questions about the best place for a capstain & the best way of rigging a jury mast might be capable, not merely of ruling empire, but of creating a nation. He complained that he had gone to see a great prince, & had found only an industrious shipwright. nor does Evelyn seem to have formed a much more favourable opinion of his august tenant. It was, indeed, not in the character of a tenant that the Czar was likely to gain the good word of civilised men. With all the high qualities which were peculiar to himself, he had all the filthy habits wich were the common among his countrymen. To the end of his life, while disciplining armies, founding schools, framing codes, organizing tribunals, building cities in deserts, joinig distant seas by artificial rivers, he lived in his place like a hog in a sty; &, when he was entertained by other sovereigns, never failed to leave on their tapestired walls & velvet state beds unequivocal proof that a savage had been there. Evelyn's house was left in such a state that the Treasury quieted his complients with a considerable sum of money.
Towards the close of March the Czar visited Portsmouth, saw a sham sea-flight at Spithead, watched every movement of the contending fleets with intense interest, & expressed in warm terms his gratitude to the hospitable government which had provided so delightful a spectacle for his amusement & instruction. After passing more than three month in England, he departed in a good humour.
As to Czar: - Londo Gazette; Van Citters, 1698; Jan. 11|21, 14|24; Mar. 11|21, Mar.22|Apr.1, Mar.29|Apr.8; L'Hermitage, Jan. 11|21, 18|28; Jan.25|Feb.4; Feb 1|11, 8|18, 11|21; Feb.25|Mar.7; Mar. 4|14, Mar. 9|April8; April22|May2. See Also Evelyn's diary; Burnet; Postman, Jan. 13, 15; Feb. 10, 12, 24; Mar. 24, 26, 31. As to Russia, see Haklyut, Purchas, Voltaire, St.Simon. Estat de Russie par Margeret, Paris 1607. State of Russia, London, 1671. La Relation des Trois Ambassades de M. Le Comte de Carlisle, Amsterdam, 1672. (There is an English translation from this French original.) Nort's Life of Dudley Nort. Seymour's History of Londin, ii 426. Pepys & Evelyn on the Russian Embassies; Milton's account of Muscovy. On the personal habits of the Czar see the Memories of the Margravine of Bareuth.