CNN Article: Micronesia (FSM)'s Disappearing Population, Brain Drain & Living Areas
Islands of the missing: Micronesia's emptying atolls
By Mark Stratton, for CNN
Updated 0137 GMT (0937 HKT) January 18, 2016
Shallow waters - Zodiac inflatable boats from Silver Discoverer are required to enter the shallow Kapingamarangi Lagoon, where islanders live on small houses balanced on the atoll's fringing barrier reef.
Locally sourced - A stroll around Nukuoro's simple pathways reveals abundant starchy food sources: from breadfruit trees and coconut palms to taro plantations and bananas.
Using every part of the coconut - After the coconuts' flesh and water has been used, these copra husks on Woleai are sun-dried then processed for cooking oil.
Nukuoro Atoll - Located just north of the Coral Triangle, the lagoons here have a rich aquatic and coral diversity. The slow-swimming batfish, seen here at Nukuoro Atoll, is a common species.
Woleai Atoll males are adorned with turmeric body paste during Yap Cultural Day, held at the start of March. The paste is considered a mark of welcome.
Yap Cultural Day - Woleai Atoll males are adorned with turmeric body paste during Yap Cultural Day, held at the start of March. The paste is considered a mark of welcome.
The missing generation - After elementary school on the island, Lamotrek's youth will leave for the high school system of larger islands such as Yap. Many will not wish to return to life on the smaller atolls.
Federated States of Micronesia - Micronesia's 607 islands are home to a vanishing way of life. Pulap Atoll's children show off their acrobatic prowess while the author's cruise ship waits outside the barrier reef.
Lamotrrek Atoll - Attracted by the ease and convenience of Western living, the younger generation on remoter Micronesian atolls is turning its back on traditions.
Kapingamarangi Atoll - With no refrigeration on Kapingamarangi Atoll, children are fascinated by ice cubes brought ashore by the crew of expedition cruise ship Silver Discoverer.
Welcome dance - A Lamotrek woman performs a welcome dance upon the arrival of the cruise ship. The islanders had not seen a passenger ship for over a year.
Learning traditional skills - By the age of seven or eight, Lamotrek Atoll's boys will typically be at sea handling their own outrigger canoes and fishing.
Locally sourced - A stroll around Nukuoro's simple pathways reveals abundant starchy food sources: from breadfruit trees and coconut palms to taro plantations and bananas.
Using every part of the coconut - After the coconuts' flesh and water has been used, these copra husks on Woleai are sun-dried then processed for cooking oil.
(CNN) Our ship's crew brings ashore a barrel of iced drinks. The atoll's children don't care about the refreshments. They scoop out the barrel's ice cubes and cradle them with wonderment like diamonds. The youngest shovel them into their pockets. Living without refrigeration and other modern essentials such as the Internet and cell phones is a way of life in remoter parts of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).
Yet it's not necessarily a choice the younger generation is putting up with. They're turning their backs on traditional life among FSM's smallest atoll populations.
Nukuoro Atoll
Baseball cap tilted down to shield his eyes against the fierce western Pacific sunshine, Mayor Senard Leopold waits on Nukuoro Atoll's porcelain-white beach to greet our ship. I'm aboard an expedition cruise vessel, Silver Discoverer, with 60 other passengers taking a 17-day voyage across FSM. Few ships ever cross this watery nation of 607 islands. Our traverse takes us from FSM's southernmost outpost north of Papua New Guinea to the westernmost tip of the Caroline Island chain to Palau.
Nukuoro is a necklace of tiny flat islets circling an emerald-green lagoon so clear the corals leap out in HD quality. Islanders get their food from fishing and tending taro crops. Coconut fiber is used to thatch wooden huts and for weaving clothes. It's self-sufficiency learned across generations.
Population drain
Mayor Leopold explains Nukuoro is FSM's smallest distinctive language group. Just 210 islanders remain and more than half their population now live away from the atoll. "Those who remain are mainly middle-aged adults or schoolchildren," he says. "We have elementary school on Nukuoro, but after that older children must move away to attend high school on Pohnpei."
Pohnpei is one of FSM's larger developed islands with a population nudging 35,000. "Once the children experience the conveniences of Western life they don't want to return. They stay on Pohnpei or go to study and work in Guam, Hawaii or West coast USA." Leopold says population drain is a more immediate threat to them than sea level rise.
Kapingamarangi Atoll
A Zodiac inflatable boats enters shallow Kapingamarangi Lagoon.
It's the same deal on Kapingamarangi Atoll, 250 nautical miles away. Between 1994 and a last census in 2010, Kapingamarangi's population fell by a quarter, to 350 individuals. Kapingamarangi's inhabitants had no idea our passenger vessel was calling by.
Perhaps they were disappointed. They'd been waiting for a delayed supply vessel for several months and had run out of coffee and sugar.
Valentino Tumakirewe is a somewhat laconic islander in his late 40s. "I do a bit of fishing, grow some crops and drink palm wine most days," he says. "But not much else."
"There's not enough for young people to do here. My children have left." He highlights another issue threatening Kapingamarangi's long-term sustainability. "Everybody on the island is related and as people leave it gets harder to find a wife or husband."
Lamotrek Atoll
Further along FSM's principal chain, the Caroline Islands, Lamotrek Atoll is known as the "summer lagoon." Within the barrier reef encircling the turquoise-tinted lagoon, Lamotrek's islanders welcome us with melodic singing and flower leis. Few ships ever call. The welcome is authentic and heartfelt.
Not the sort of cliched "tiki" shows with sashaying grass-skirted beauties and "alohas" that many cruise passengers experience when traveling the South Pacific. Micronesian culture shouldn't be confused with that of the better-known South Pacific Polynesians.
Our ship's resident ethnographical expert on Pacific cultures is Swiss-German Christian Walter. He says the terms "Micronesian" and "Polynesian" were given to distinct groups of Pacific peoples in the 19th century by French seafarer Jules Dumont d'Urville. He says Micronesia references "micro," reflecting many smaller islands with more distinct languages than the Polynesians. "Physically, looking at Tongans and Samoans, I would consider Polynesians to be stronger and taller than Micronesians," declares Walter.
Money from abroad
Like other atolls, Lamotrek has seen its population slowly dwindle to around 329 islanders. "Losing the young is one of the main threats to the atolls," Walter concurs. "It's difficult to imagine them wanting to continue to live under the same conditions as before. "Even if they came back to these islands what would they do?"
But he argues that those leaving are a financial benefit to those remaining. "The money generated abroad and sent home could never be obtained by those staying on their atoll," he says.
Stellar navigation
The aptly named Celestine can navigate using the stars.
One skill under threat is the Micronesians' startling ability to negotiate the open Pacific by stellar navigation. On a wooden outrigger canoe, islander Celestine takes me around Lamotrek Lagoon. He holds Micronesia's most revered title: Master Pwo Navigator. With pinpoint accuracy he can cross hundreds of miles of ocean without modern instrumentation, using only stars and ocean currents. "Our children sail their first canoe around six years old," says Celestine. "Now they don't stay here long enough to learn proper navigation."
Celestine once made the 240-nautical-mile voyage west to our next port-of-call, Woleai Atoll.
Strict dress code
Woleai is conservatively traditional and strict dress code is required. Both sexes wear palm-fiber woven lap-lap sarongs and are bare-chested. Their undress reveals home-inked tattoos featuring nautical or Catholic motifs.
On the beach, young men haul tuna onto the sand and slice into its pink flesh with bamboo knives -- the freshest sashimi imaginable.
Frigate birds, the ocean's free-roving pirates, circle on high, eyeing a fishy meal.
Woleaian elder Martin Yangirelmar works for Yap State's education department. His third-grade elementary schoolchildren are demonstrating traditional crafts. The girls weave vivid lap-lap loincloths from banana and hibiscus thread; boys construct fish traps from bamboo.
Traditional skills
Missing generation: When young islanders leave, they often don't wish to return.
"We teach them traditional skills at an early age so at least they'll remember their heritage when they've left," says Yangirelmar. "All these children will go to the larger Yap Island to study, staying with relatives and then eventually traveling further away in the future for work once they get a taste of Western culture.
"What you see here is dying out. I think in 20 to 50 years some atoll populations may no longer be here."
Some, however, are determinedly hanging on.
Ngulu Atoll
On Micronesia's westernmost frontier, most of Ngulu Atoll's population has long departed. The eight remaining islanders are all members of the Mangthaw family.
A temporary ninth resident is cousin Henry. He came to help rebuild after Typhoon Hagupit wrought havoc on Ngulu in December 2014. He doesn't seem to mind the fact that he's been waiting two months for a cargo boat back home to Yap. The typhoon has left the creamy beaches littered with fallen coconut palms, like matchsticks tipped from a box. "When the cyclone struck big waves drove across the island," says George Mangthaw. "We were scared.
"We survived because of a brick shelter funded by the European Union."
TV, automobiles and convenience food
Mangthaw says a decade back Ngulu had 20 islanders. Now, he's disdainful of their decision to leave for Yap. "They went to drive cars, watch television and eat convenience food like chicken," he mocks.
He says he won't leave Ngulu because he's free to live exactly how he chooses. "I think we will continue to find 'caretakers' for the families still residing on the atolls," says Christian Walter. "But eventually the young population will look for brighter lights in other parts of the Pacific or the world."
Award-winning British travel writer Mark Stratton writes for a variety of British and American publications. He also comments on current affairs for BBC radio.
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/17/travel/micronesia-atolls/index.html
By Mark Stratton, for CNN
Updated 0137 GMT (0937 HKT) January 18, 2016
Shallow waters - Zodiac inflatable boats from Silver Discoverer are required to enter the shallow Kapingamarangi Lagoon, where islanders live on small houses balanced on the atoll's fringing barrier reef.
Locally sourced - A stroll around Nukuoro's simple pathways reveals abundant starchy food sources: from breadfruit trees and coconut palms to taro plantations and bananas.
Using every part of the coconut - After the coconuts' flesh and water has been used, these copra husks on Woleai are sun-dried then processed for cooking oil.
Nukuoro Atoll - Located just north of the Coral Triangle, the lagoons here have a rich aquatic and coral diversity. The slow-swimming batfish, seen here at Nukuoro Atoll, is a common species.
Woleai Atoll males are adorned with turmeric body paste during Yap Cultural Day, held at the start of March. The paste is considered a mark of welcome.
Yap Cultural Day - Woleai Atoll males are adorned with turmeric body paste during Yap Cultural Day, held at the start of March. The paste is considered a mark of welcome.
The missing generation - After elementary school on the island, Lamotrek's youth will leave for the high school system of larger islands such as Yap. Many will not wish to return to life on the smaller atolls.
Federated States of Micronesia - Micronesia's 607 islands are home to a vanishing way of life. Pulap Atoll's children show off their acrobatic prowess while the author's cruise ship waits outside the barrier reef.
Lamotrrek Atoll - Attracted by the ease and convenience of Western living, the younger generation on remoter Micronesian atolls is turning its back on traditions.
Kapingamarangi Atoll - With no refrigeration on Kapingamarangi Atoll, children are fascinated by ice cubes brought ashore by the crew of expedition cruise ship Silver Discoverer.
Welcome dance - A Lamotrek woman performs a welcome dance upon the arrival of the cruise ship. The islanders had not seen a passenger ship for over a year.
Learning traditional skills - By the age of seven or eight, Lamotrek Atoll's boys will typically be at sea handling their own outrigger canoes and fishing.
Locally sourced - A stroll around Nukuoro's simple pathways reveals abundant starchy food sources: from breadfruit trees and coconut palms to taro plantations and bananas.
Using every part of the coconut - After the coconuts' flesh and water has been used, these copra husks on Woleai are sun-dried then processed for cooking oil.
(CNN) Our ship's crew brings ashore a barrel of iced drinks. The atoll's children don't care about the refreshments. They scoop out the barrel's ice cubes and cradle them with wonderment like diamonds. The youngest shovel them into their pockets. Living without refrigeration and other modern essentials such as the Internet and cell phones is a way of life in remoter parts of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).
Yet it's not necessarily a choice the younger generation is putting up with. They're turning their backs on traditional life among FSM's smallest atoll populations.
Nukuoro Atoll
Baseball cap tilted down to shield his eyes against the fierce western Pacific sunshine, Mayor Senard Leopold waits on Nukuoro Atoll's porcelain-white beach to greet our ship. I'm aboard an expedition cruise vessel, Silver Discoverer, with 60 other passengers taking a 17-day voyage across FSM. Few ships ever cross this watery nation of 607 islands. Our traverse takes us from FSM's southernmost outpost north of Papua New Guinea to the westernmost tip of the Caroline Island chain to Palau.
Nukuoro is a necklace of tiny flat islets circling an emerald-green lagoon so clear the corals leap out in HD quality. Islanders get their food from fishing and tending taro crops. Coconut fiber is used to thatch wooden huts and for weaving clothes. It's self-sufficiency learned across generations.
Population drain
Mayor Leopold explains Nukuoro is FSM's smallest distinctive language group. Just 210 islanders remain and more than half their population now live away from the atoll. "Those who remain are mainly middle-aged adults or schoolchildren," he says. "We have elementary school on Nukuoro, but after that older children must move away to attend high school on Pohnpei."
Pohnpei is one of FSM's larger developed islands with a population nudging 35,000. "Once the children experience the conveniences of Western life they don't want to return. They stay on Pohnpei or go to study and work in Guam, Hawaii or West coast USA." Leopold says population drain is a more immediate threat to them than sea level rise.
Kapingamarangi Atoll
A Zodiac inflatable boats enters shallow Kapingamarangi Lagoon.
It's the same deal on Kapingamarangi Atoll, 250 nautical miles away. Between 1994 and a last census in 2010, Kapingamarangi's population fell by a quarter, to 350 individuals. Kapingamarangi's inhabitants had no idea our passenger vessel was calling by.
Perhaps they were disappointed. They'd been waiting for a delayed supply vessel for several months and had run out of coffee and sugar.
Valentino Tumakirewe is a somewhat laconic islander in his late 40s. "I do a bit of fishing, grow some crops and drink palm wine most days," he says. "But not much else."
"There's not enough for young people to do here. My children have left." He highlights another issue threatening Kapingamarangi's long-term sustainability. "Everybody on the island is related and as people leave it gets harder to find a wife or husband."
Lamotrek Atoll
Further along FSM's principal chain, the Caroline Islands, Lamotrek Atoll is known as the "summer lagoon." Within the barrier reef encircling the turquoise-tinted lagoon, Lamotrek's islanders welcome us with melodic singing and flower leis. Few ships ever call. The welcome is authentic and heartfelt.
Not the sort of cliched "tiki" shows with sashaying grass-skirted beauties and "alohas" that many cruise passengers experience when traveling the South Pacific. Micronesian culture shouldn't be confused with that of the better-known South Pacific Polynesians.
Our ship's resident ethnographical expert on Pacific cultures is Swiss-German Christian Walter. He says the terms "Micronesian" and "Polynesian" were given to distinct groups of Pacific peoples in the 19th century by French seafarer Jules Dumont d'Urville. He says Micronesia references "micro," reflecting many smaller islands with more distinct languages than the Polynesians. "Physically, looking at Tongans and Samoans, I would consider Polynesians to be stronger and taller than Micronesians," declares Walter.
Money from abroad
Like other atolls, Lamotrek has seen its population slowly dwindle to around 329 islanders. "Losing the young is one of the main threats to the atolls," Walter concurs. "It's difficult to imagine them wanting to continue to live under the same conditions as before. "Even if they came back to these islands what would they do?"
But he argues that those leaving are a financial benefit to those remaining. "The money generated abroad and sent home could never be obtained by those staying on their atoll," he says.
Stellar navigation
The aptly named Celestine can navigate using the stars.
One skill under threat is the Micronesians' startling ability to negotiate the open Pacific by stellar navigation. On a wooden outrigger canoe, islander Celestine takes me around Lamotrek Lagoon. He holds Micronesia's most revered title: Master Pwo Navigator. With pinpoint accuracy he can cross hundreds of miles of ocean without modern instrumentation, using only stars and ocean currents. "Our children sail their first canoe around six years old," says Celestine. "Now they don't stay here long enough to learn proper navigation."
Celestine once made the 240-nautical-mile voyage west to our next port-of-call, Woleai Atoll.
Strict dress code
Woleai is conservatively traditional and strict dress code is required. Both sexes wear palm-fiber woven lap-lap sarongs and are bare-chested. Their undress reveals home-inked tattoos featuring nautical or Catholic motifs.
On the beach, young men haul tuna onto the sand and slice into its pink flesh with bamboo knives -- the freshest sashimi imaginable.
Frigate birds, the ocean's free-roving pirates, circle on high, eyeing a fishy meal.
Woleaian elder Martin Yangirelmar works for Yap State's education department. His third-grade elementary schoolchildren are demonstrating traditional crafts. The girls weave vivid lap-lap loincloths from banana and hibiscus thread; boys construct fish traps from bamboo.
Traditional skills
Missing generation: When young islanders leave, they often don't wish to return.
"We teach them traditional skills at an early age so at least they'll remember their heritage when they've left," says Yangirelmar. "All these children will go to the larger Yap Island to study, staying with relatives and then eventually traveling further away in the future for work once they get a taste of Western culture.
"What you see here is dying out. I think in 20 to 50 years some atoll populations may no longer be here."
Some, however, are determinedly hanging on.
Ngulu Atoll
On Micronesia's westernmost frontier, most of Ngulu Atoll's population has long departed. The eight remaining islanders are all members of the Mangthaw family.
A temporary ninth resident is cousin Henry. He came to help rebuild after Typhoon Hagupit wrought havoc on Ngulu in December 2014. He doesn't seem to mind the fact that he's been waiting two months for a cargo boat back home to Yap. The typhoon has left the creamy beaches littered with fallen coconut palms, like matchsticks tipped from a box. "When the cyclone struck big waves drove across the island," says George Mangthaw. "We were scared.
"We survived because of a brick shelter funded by the European Union."
TV, automobiles and convenience food
Mangthaw says a decade back Ngulu had 20 islanders. Now, he's disdainful of their decision to leave for Yap. "They went to drive cars, watch television and eat convenience food like chicken," he mocks.
He says he won't leave Ngulu because he's free to live exactly how he chooses. "I think we will continue to find 'caretakers' for the families still residing on the atolls," says Christian Walter. "But eventually the young population will look for brighter lights in other parts of the Pacific or the world."
Award-winning British travel writer Mark Stratton writes for a variety of British and American publications. He also comments on current affairs for BBC radio.
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/17/travel/micronesia-atolls/index.html