Alan Turing Founder of Apple Computing
Repeating the couplet spoken by the Wicked Witch in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves :
Dip the apple in the brew
Let the sleeping Death seep through
The coroner ruled suicide, and it was assumed that the apple had been dipped in a cyanide solution.
Alan Turing took a byte
The Apple Never Falls Far From the Tree : .The Turing Apple, Computer Technology in Byte Size Pieces
Alan Turing, the maverick whose unconventional mind had worked for the government throughout the war was, as they saw it, could now be working against them. He was placed under constant surveillance.
In the 1950s British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology and also to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. In 1936 Turing’s seminal paper “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem [Decision Problem]” was recommended for publication by the American mathematical logician Alonzo Church. In Turing’s time, those rote-workers were in fact called “computers,” and human computers carried out some aspects of the work later done by electronic computers. As early as 1932, a small team of Polish mathematician-cryptanalysts, led by Marian Rejewski, had succeeded in deducing the internal wiring of Enigma, and by 1938 Rejewski’s team had devised a code-breaking machine they called the Bomba (the Polish word for a type of ice cream).
In 1945, the war over, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London to create an electronic computer. Had Turing’s ACE been built as he planned, it would have had vastly more memory than any of the other early computers, as well as being faster. NPL lost the race to build the world’s first working electronic stored-program digital computer-an honour that went to the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester in June 1948.
Turing was a founding father of artificial intelligence and of modern cognitive science, and he was a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine. He theorized that the cortex at birth is an “unorganised machine” that through “training” becomes organized “into a universal machine or something like it.” Turing proposed what subsequently became known as the Turing test as a criterion for whether an artificial computer is thinking (1950).
On March 5, 1975, Steve Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in Gordon French's garage. He was so inspired that he immediately set to work on what would eventually become the Apple I computer. After building it for himself and showing it at the club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies.
The Apple Computer 1, originally released as the Apple Computer and known later as the Apple I or Apple-1, is an 8-bit desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. The Apple I's built-in computer terminal circuitry with TV composite output used shift registers and a character generator. All one needed was a television set and a ASCII keyboard. In the late 1970s, the Apple II was one of the most popular computers on the American market, especially in education. After IBM introduced the IBM PC in 1981, its sales quickly surpassed the Apple II; in response, Apple introduced the Apple Lisa in 1983. Though the Lisa's graphical user interface was partially inspired by the work of Xerox PARC, it also went far beyond PARC's prototypes, and introduced original innovations: the ability to drag-and-drop files, menu bars, and double-clicking.
Parallel to the Lisa's development, a skunkworks team at Apple was working on another project. Conceived in 1979 by Jef Raskin, the Macintosh was envisioned as an affordable, easy-to-use computer for the masses, with the Lisa's graphical interface. Raskin named the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh. The Apple Macintosh-later rebranded as the Macintosh 128K-is the original Apple Macintosh personal computer. It played a pivotal role in establishing desktop publishing as a general office function.
The first Macintosh nevertheless generated cult enthusiasm among buyers and some developers, who rushed to develop entirely new programs for the platform, including PageMaker, MORE, and Excel. It was the first WYSIWYG computer, and due in large part to PageMaker and Apple's LaserWriter printer, it ignited the desktop publishing revolution, turning the Macintosh from an early let-down into a notable success.
The Mac, short for Macintosh (its official name until 1999), is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, as well as the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system. Enter Steve Jobs' top priority "to ship a great new product". The first was the egg shaped iMac G3, an all-in-one computer which was meant to make the Internet intuitive and easy to access. Removing the floppy disk drive Jobs replaced it with a CD drive, adding digital music to the mix. Jobs would first define a new product's "soul", before it was jointly developed by the marketing, engineering and operations teams.
The next two Mac products in 1999, the Power Mac G3 (nicknamed "Blue and White") and the iBook, introduced industrial designs influenced by the iMac. The iPhone's 2007 release, began a multi-year effort to bring many software innovations "back to the Mac", including multi-touch gesture support, instant wake from sleep, and fast flash storage. OS X Lion added new software features first introduced with the iPad, such as FaceTime, full-screen apps, document autosaving and versioning, and a bundled Mac App Store to replace software install discs with online downloads. iPhone-like multi-touch technology was progressively added to all MacBook trackpads, and to desktop Macs through the Magic Mouse, and Magic Trackpad.
Mac iPad iPhone Apple-tv Apple-watch device lineup-2023/24
Following a period of deteriorating health, Steve Jobs resigned as CEO on August 24, 2011, Tim Cook was named as his successor. In October 2011, American business magnate, inventor, and investor, co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple; the chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar; a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar; and the founder, chairman, and CEO of NeXT, Steve Jobs died.
In late 2022, the advent of ChatGPT reignited conversation about the likelihood that the components of the Turing test had been met and AI, lives !!
Bibliography:
http://www.polarimagazine.com/features/killing-alan-turing/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing/Computer-designer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
Snow White Apple Byte, the future will own you
Picking up the bitten apple of "Snow White" from the death bed of Alan Turing, Steve Jobs took a few bytes,
and the rest as they say, is history!
dr. π (pi)
.
Dip the apple in the brew
Let the sleeping Death seep through
The coroner ruled suicide, and it was assumed that the apple had been dipped in a cyanide solution.
Alan Turing took a byte
The Apple Never Falls Far From the Tree : .The Turing Apple, Computer Technology in Byte Size Pieces
Alan Turing, the maverick whose unconventional mind had worked for the government throughout the war was, as they saw it, could now be working against them. He was placed under constant surveillance.
In the 1950s British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology and also to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. In 1936 Turing’s seminal paper “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem [Decision Problem]” was recommended for publication by the American mathematical logician Alonzo Church. In Turing’s time, those rote-workers were in fact called “computers,” and human computers carried out some aspects of the work later done by electronic computers. As early as 1932, a small team of Polish mathematician-cryptanalysts, led by Marian Rejewski, had succeeded in deducing the internal wiring of Enigma, and by 1938 Rejewski’s team had devised a code-breaking machine they called the Bomba (the Polish word for a type of ice cream).
In 1945, the war over, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London to create an electronic computer. Had Turing’s ACE been built as he planned, it would have had vastly more memory than any of the other early computers, as well as being faster. NPL lost the race to build the world’s first working electronic stored-program digital computer-an honour that went to the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester in June 1948.
Turing was a founding father of artificial intelligence and of modern cognitive science, and he was a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine. He theorized that the cortex at birth is an “unorganised machine” that through “training” becomes organized “into a universal machine or something like it.” Turing proposed what subsequently became known as the Turing test as a criterion for whether an artificial computer is thinking (1950).
On March 5, 1975, Steve Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in Gordon French's garage. He was so inspired that he immediately set to work on what would eventually become the Apple I computer. After building it for himself and showing it at the club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies.
The Apple Computer 1, originally released as the Apple Computer and known later as the Apple I or Apple-1, is an 8-bit desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. The Apple I's built-in computer terminal circuitry with TV composite output used shift registers and a character generator. All one needed was a television set and a ASCII keyboard. In the late 1970s, the Apple II was one of the most popular computers on the American market, especially in education. After IBM introduced the IBM PC in 1981, its sales quickly surpassed the Apple II; in response, Apple introduced the Apple Lisa in 1983. Though the Lisa's graphical user interface was partially inspired by the work of Xerox PARC, it also went far beyond PARC's prototypes, and introduced original innovations: the ability to drag-and-drop files, menu bars, and double-clicking.
Parallel to the Lisa's development, a skunkworks team at Apple was working on another project. Conceived in 1979 by Jef Raskin, the Macintosh was envisioned as an affordable, easy-to-use computer for the masses, with the Lisa's graphical interface. Raskin named the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh. The Apple Macintosh-later rebranded as the Macintosh 128K-is the original Apple Macintosh personal computer. It played a pivotal role in establishing desktop publishing as a general office function.
The first Macintosh nevertheless generated cult enthusiasm among buyers and some developers, who rushed to develop entirely new programs for the platform, including PageMaker, MORE, and Excel. It was the first WYSIWYG computer, and due in large part to PageMaker and Apple's LaserWriter printer, it ignited the desktop publishing revolution, turning the Macintosh from an early let-down into a notable success.
The Mac, short for Macintosh (its official name until 1999), is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, as well as the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system. Enter Steve Jobs' top priority "to ship a great new product". The first was the egg shaped iMac G3, an all-in-one computer which was meant to make the Internet intuitive and easy to access. Removing the floppy disk drive Jobs replaced it with a CD drive, adding digital music to the mix. Jobs would first define a new product's "soul", before it was jointly developed by the marketing, engineering and operations teams.
The next two Mac products in 1999, the Power Mac G3 (nicknamed "Blue and White") and the iBook, introduced industrial designs influenced by the iMac. The iPhone's 2007 release, began a multi-year effort to bring many software innovations "back to the Mac", including multi-touch gesture support, instant wake from sleep, and fast flash storage. OS X Lion added new software features first introduced with the iPad, such as FaceTime, full-screen apps, document autosaving and versioning, and a bundled Mac App Store to replace software install discs with online downloads. iPhone-like multi-touch technology was progressively added to all MacBook trackpads, and to desktop Macs through the Magic Mouse, and Magic Trackpad.
Mac iPad iPhone Apple-tv Apple-watch device lineup-2023/24
Following a period of deteriorating health, Steve Jobs resigned as CEO on August 24, 2011, Tim Cook was named as his successor. In October 2011, American business magnate, inventor, and investor, co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple; the chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar; a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar; and the founder, chairman, and CEO of NeXT, Steve Jobs died.
In late 2022, the advent of ChatGPT reignited conversation about the likelihood that the components of the Turing test had been met and AI, lives !!
Bibliography:
http://www.polarimagazine.com/features/killing-alan-turing/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing/Computer-designer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
Snow White Apple Byte, the future will own you
Picking up the bitten apple of "Snow White" from the death bed of Alan Turing, Steve Jobs took a few bytes,
and the rest as they say, is history!
dr. π (pi)
.