PSYCHOLOGY: Nineteenth Century Through Freud
...Phrenology was especially popular in the United States, where its concerns for individual differences and use of psychology in the service of business and social reform foreshadowed the course of German psychology in pragmatic America.
( Particularly in the United States, political and business leaders looked to science for new means of social control. )

PHRENOLOGY
...At the end of 1801, Austrian Emperor Francis I wrote to Gall decreeing that he discontinue teaching his doctrine concerning the head because it was materialistic and opposed to morals and religion (Ackerknecht & Vallois, 1956).
...
( Encyclopedia of Psychology Alan E. Kazdin, PhD, Editor-in-Chief )