Encyclopedia of Psychology Alan E. Kazdin, PhD, Editor-in-Chief
PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN.
...The gender role strain paradigm has stimulated research on three varieties of male gender role strain: discrepancy strain, dysfunction strain, and trauma strain. Discrepancy strain results when one fails to live up to one’s internalized manhood ideal. Dysfunction strain results even when one fulfills the requirements of the male code. because many of the characteristics viewed as desirable in men can have negative side effects on the men themselves and on those close to them. Trauma strain results from the ordeal of the male role socialization process, which is now recognized as inherently traumatic.