И снова про бюджеты, Англия и Шотландия

[nai2008]

Итак, для разгона после паузы и в честь Дня знаний.

Удалось наконец подкараулить книгу по последнему (до смутных времён) королю Шотландии,  Alexander III, 1249-1286: First Among Equals Нормана Рейда. И там интересная цифирь по бюджету (как раз как я люблю, в сравнении).

Сохранившийся документ от 1264 года даёт королевский доход в 5400 с небольшим

Comments

[maxnechitaylov]

Скорректируем из книги Брауна (The Wars of Scotland, 1214-1371)
"The sinews of war were money. In England and France kings raised huge sums to finance their wars and developed bureaucracies to gather and spend this cash. Scotland’s kings did not follow suit. The year 1266 ended Alexander’s only period of warfare with a rival king, and the sum spent was less than a tenth of the cost of the English king’s war against the Welsh in 1276. Alexander III had paid for war from the normal revenues of the crown. The earliest evidence of the scale and character of this income comes from the 1264 records of the exchequer, the court which audited the accounts of royal officials. At the exchequer the king’s chief financial agent, the chamberlain, recorded the sums raised by the crown and how it was spent. The 1264 exchequer accounted for just under £5,500 spent by the crown. This income came from a number of sources. About a third was from the fines levied in royal courts and from wardships (the revenues of estates without adult lords) and reliefs (succession duties paid by new vassals). The bulk of the king’s remaining income came from land. The crown’s estates were divided between twenty-eight sheriffdoms, but the greatest concentrations lay in the east and included the thanages of Scotia. Although Alexander and his father continued to grant some thanages as private fiefs, the majority remained as lucrative royal estates, providing money rents and renders of food to the crown. Such rents in kind were common across the royal estates. Originally designed to supply the king’s household, much of the produce was sold for cash.However, the king’s progresses round his realm still included old thanage centres like Kintore in Aberdeenshire, Cowie in the Mearns and Kinclaven near Perth, and the renders of these estates offset the household’s costs. Rents in cattle, pigs, grain and cheese added significantly to the resources of the crown. 26
From the mid-1260s Alexander’s income probably increased, thanks initially to a series of financial windfalls. In the early 1270s seven of the Scottish bishoprics were vacant, the richest, St Andrews, for nearly three years. During vacancies the crown was entitled to the revenues of the bishops’ estates and Alexander probably overrode ecclesiastical opposition to secure his rights to this additional income. The king also profited from the absence of adult tenants for long periods in the earldoms of Carrick, Angus, Atholl and, especially, Fife. Fife was one of the richest Scottish earldoms, valued at £400 in the 1290s. Between 1266 and 1284 it lacked an adult earl and its revenues were used to support the king and his family. Towards the latter part of the reign Alexander sought additional income from the burghs. He copied an English innovation by imposing a customs duty on exported hides and wool, and negotiated grants of money from the richest burghs in the form of loans or gifts. 27

[maxnechitaylov]

Though they were mostly ad hoc payments, these additional sources of income must have raised royal revenues to new levels. Though Alexander’s income was less than that of the English and French crown, and little more than that of the greatest English magnates, it was far above that of the richest of his own vassals, rising to perhaps as much as £8,000. In comparable circumstances, the lordship of Ireland produced a normal income of £5,000 for the English crown in the 1270s. 28 Of greater significance was the absence of major problems caused by royal financial demands in Scotland. Alexander III raised his income during a period of rising prosperity. Loans and customs represented the king’s cut of the growing profits of the wool trade. Loans were balanced by grants of new powers to burghs, and customs were set at a low level. Alexander’s reign witnessed no rapid growth in the scale or range of the crown’s demands on its subjects. Most significantly, there was no development of taxation on the goods of the whole population as a means of financing royal activities. The Scottish crown taxed only rarely, for set purposes and from its tenants-in-chief, in the form of an aid. The absence of general taxation meant that, unlike England, thirteenth-century Scotland saw no challenge to the crown on financial issues from bodies claiming to represent the whole community of the realm. Alexander III’s kingship was part of a more limited, less demanding tradition than that of the Plantagenets.
Alexander III supported himself from the ordinary revenues of the crown, ‘living of his own’, rather than from taxation. His chief expense, over £3,000 in 1264, was maintaining the king’s and queen’s households.

26 E.R., i, 6-7, 10, 25; Duncan, Making of the kingdom, 595-602; Grant, ‘Thanes and thanages’, 61-5; S.H.S. Misc., ii, 24-6.
27 Scotichronicon, v, 380-1; Donaldson, ‘The rights of the Scottish crown in episcopal vacancies’, 27-35; Stevenson, Documents, i, no. 320; Mayhew, ‘Alexander III - silver age?’, 53-73, 54; Duncan, Making of the kingdom, 603-4.
28 For these comparisons, see Prestwich, Edward I, ch. 9; Stringer, Earl David of Huntingdon, 191; Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 201-6; Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall, 163; Lydon, The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages, 125.

[nai2008]

Tnx!

[nai2008]

Кстати, в целом Ваши цифры бьются с Рейдом.

[maxnechitaylov]

Ну так Рейд уже стоял на плечах титанов - Барроу, Данкана, Брауна и других, благо что уже изданы все известные документы этого короля и забабахан был о нем же сборник статей (включая статью об армии Александра III).

[nai2008]

- сборник статей (включая статью об армии Александра III.

Как называется, если можно?

[maxnechitaylov]

В Сети его нет, увы. Редактором и был Рейд. Пересказ статьи об армии есть в соответствующей главе книги Брауна.
Выходные данные: http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/lang_en/anzeige.php?buchbeitrag=The+army+of+Alexander+III%27s+Scotland&pk=145512

[nai2008]

Принято, спасибо.