британские классы
Университеты, конечно, не единственный институт социальной мобильности, а социальная мобильность отнюдь не сводится к переходу из одной квинтили доходов в другую. Не меньшую роль играют школы, а они, в Британии, в свою очередь, не в меньшей степени про классовое воспитание, чем про образование. Британия, наверное, страна с одной из наиболее сложных и жестких современных классовых систем. Про это довольно много написано, например, замечательная и вовсе не устаревшая книжка Watching the English. Однако, выложу здесь, чтобы не потерялось, кусочек (!) анонимного (!) комментария (!) в astralcodexten к обзору книжки вовсе не про Британию (!) , который, на мой взгляд, добавляет довольно интересные детали к стандартной общей картине. То, что такой кусочек стоит выкладывать, говорит многое не столько об этом конкретном вопросе, сколько об astralcodexten.substack.com и комментаторах там с одной стороны, и функциональности substack.com с другой.
Стандартная картина, которая есть, например, в большинстве стран Западной Европы или США, это что есть Рабочий Класс и Средний Класс, с более или менее размытой границей между ними. Разумеется устойчивых групп в обществе гораздо больше везде, но под классами в книжке и дискуссии понимается нечто, более близкое к кастам, чем к марксистским классам, то есть самовоспроизводящаяся культурно-экономическая группа, в которую каждый человек попадает в детстве и остается в ней до смерти, но дети представителя класса могут перейти в другой класс. В Восточной Европе классовая система была изрядно поломана коммунистами, но, возможно, восстанавливается. Иммигранты и даже давно интегрированные этнически-религиозные сообщества типа британских евреев, образовывают свои, параллельные кастовые системы.
В Британии система классов сложнее. К стандартным классам добавляется свой Upper class - наследственная аристократия. Дальше автор комментария различает несколько слоев Среднего класса: Lower Middle и Middle Middle, объединенные в Commercial Middle Class, и довольно оригинальное деление Upper Middle Class на Academic Middle Class и Martial Middle Class, которое автор возводит аж к Гражданской Войне (XVII век.)
https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/book-review-fussell-on-class/comment/1354779
The Upper Class are proper hereditary peers, their families, the Royal Family, and the odd hanger-on who doesn't have a peerage but is clearly in the general milieu. Unlike other European countries, this was historically possible to enter through inter-marriage. This still happens a bit, but rarely in one step (e.g. Jeff Bezos sends his kids to Eton, and one of his granddaughters marries a marquess). All class movement (at least in England) is cross-generational, so you can't change class but your children can be a different class to yours.
The Working Class are people who work in factories, labourers, plumbers etc. There's a perennially unemployed underclass, who have now largely branched off but aren't quite a separate class as it's still possible to move between the two within one lifetime.
Historically, the middle class embraced industrial tycoons, lawyers, doctors, accountants and the better sort of "clerks" (white collar workers - Bob Cratchett and Scrooge were both middle class, but represent the farthest ends). A huge number of people moved up into this category after WWII, and particularly under Thatcher (when Blair was talking about "Mondeo man," this is who he was talking about.
The post-war movers represent the bulk of the middle class, and are people doing "office jobs" - salesmen, actuaries, solicitors (one type of lawyer), the sort of banker who might be a "trader" etc.* This is the Lower Middle Class and Middle Middle Class, although they seem to have more of a gradient between them than a line. This is the CMC. They're status-conscious, confrontation-averse and child-rearing-oriented, but in terms of accent and (physical) appearance aren't distinct from the working class.
The Upper Middle Class contains academics, the better sort of army officers, barristers (the other type of lawyer), doctors, senior civil servants (and the junior civil servants who are on track to become them), and the sort if banker who wouldn't be a "trader." They usually went to private schools or public schools (a confusing English term which means "expensive private school" and is what Hogwarts is a pastiche of), but some went to grammar schools (selective state schools). Within this class, there's a clear divide:
AMC (plus socially mobile people whose kids will be AMC): Most academics, a majority of senior civil servants, a majority of (white, gentile) doctors (including almost all male ones), roughly half of barristers, most people who work for NGOs, a few rich people living off their money, and some of the non-trader bankers. These people have their own public schools (e.g. Highgate, St Pauls) and private schools. They are more likely to be non-conformist or low-church (most are still Anglican by extraction), although they're mostly atheists. They were historically the old civilian middle class (merchants, clerks etc.), the sort of people who backed Cromwell in the civil war and became the American puritans. They're naturally Lib Dems politically but the Labour moderates (e.g. Starmer, Blair) come from this class. They probably instinctively think the roundheads were the good guys in the civil war (possibly with hand-wringing about Ireland). Historically, Barclays and Lloyds were run by them, banking seems to be mixed far more thoroughly now. If in doubt, ask yourself whether you'd believe they have a brother who teaches political science at KCL. Anyone who rises into the upper middle class through education (grammar schools or comprehensive>Oxbridge) ends up on this side of the aisle. Facially, think John Oliver.
[Martial?] Upper Middle Class: the better sort of army officers, some female doctors, a minority of the senior civil service (basically the rest of the Upper Middle Class). Eton is their Harvard, but somewhere like Rugby or Uppingham would be more typical. They tend to be high-church Anglican by extraction, and are far more likely to have a Norman surname or a weird Scottish connection than is typical in England. They're largely derived from the old rural gentry, or the eighth son of the fifth son of a ninth son of the Upper Class. These people *are* the Conservative Party, barring the occasional hanger-on like Hague or Gavin Williams. Historically, banks then ran were HSBC and funny like Arbuthnott's. If in doubt, ask yourself whether you believe they have a brother who's a captain in the Blues and Royals. To a man, they think the cavaliers were the good guys in the civil war. Anyone who rises into the Upper Middle Class from having parents who just randomly got rich enough to send their kids to public schools (businessmen, athletes etc.) tends to end up on this side of the aisle. Facially, think David Cameron.
I'm fairly sure both upper middle classes are roughly the same size, but I could be off by about an order of magnitude (especially as by educational footprint, the MUMC looks much larger).
The Moldbug parallel should be apparent - the MUMC are basically sub-optimates, the AMC are Brahmins, the bulk of the Middle and Working Class are Vaisyas. This all interacts with race in very complicated ways, and English jews have their own byzantine internal class structure I don't entirely understand, but seem to have at least one equivalent to every group.
*There are two types of bankers. Some of them are "traders" and these are always the lower-class type but are in a broader category. I'm fairly fuzzy on what any of these people do so can't draw the line occupationally, but socially the distinction is obvious. "M&A" is possibly on the upper side of the line...?
Стандартная картина, которая есть, например, в большинстве стран Западной Европы или США, это что есть Рабочий Класс и Средний Класс, с более или менее размытой границей между ними. Разумеется устойчивых групп в обществе гораздо больше везде, но под классами в книжке и дискуссии понимается нечто, более близкое к кастам, чем к марксистским классам, то есть самовоспроизводящаяся культурно-экономическая группа, в которую каждый человек попадает в детстве и остается в ней до смерти, но дети представителя класса могут перейти в другой класс. В Восточной Европе классовая система была изрядно поломана коммунистами, но, возможно, восстанавливается. Иммигранты и даже давно интегрированные этнически-религиозные сообщества типа британских евреев, образовывают свои, параллельные кастовые системы.
В Британии система классов сложнее. К стандартным классам добавляется свой Upper class - наследственная аристократия. Дальше автор комментария различает несколько слоев Среднего класса: Lower Middle и Middle Middle, объединенные в Commercial Middle Class, и довольно оригинальное деление Upper Middle Class на Academic Middle Class и Martial Middle Class, которое автор возводит аж к Гражданской Войне (XVII век.)
https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/book-review-fussell-on-class/comment/1354779
The Upper Class are proper hereditary peers, their families, the Royal Family, and the odd hanger-on who doesn't have a peerage but is clearly in the general milieu. Unlike other European countries, this was historically possible to enter through inter-marriage. This still happens a bit, but rarely in one step (e.g. Jeff Bezos sends his kids to Eton, and one of his granddaughters marries a marquess). All class movement (at least in England) is cross-generational, so you can't change class but your children can be a different class to yours.
The Working Class are people who work in factories, labourers, plumbers etc. There's a perennially unemployed underclass, who have now largely branched off but aren't quite a separate class as it's still possible to move between the two within one lifetime.
Historically, the middle class embraced industrial tycoons, lawyers, doctors, accountants and the better sort of "clerks" (white collar workers - Bob Cratchett and Scrooge were both middle class, but represent the farthest ends). A huge number of people moved up into this category after WWII, and particularly under Thatcher (when Blair was talking about "Mondeo man," this is who he was talking about.
The post-war movers represent the bulk of the middle class, and are people doing "office jobs" - salesmen, actuaries, solicitors (one type of lawyer), the sort of banker who might be a "trader" etc.* This is the Lower Middle Class and Middle Middle Class, although they seem to have more of a gradient between them than a line. This is the CMC. They're status-conscious, confrontation-averse and child-rearing-oriented, but in terms of accent and (physical) appearance aren't distinct from the working class.
The Upper Middle Class contains academics, the better sort of army officers, barristers (the other type of lawyer), doctors, senior civil servants (and the junior civil servants who are on track to become them), and the sort if banker who wouldn't be a "trader." They usually went to private schools or public schools (a confusing English term which means "expensive private school" and is what Hogwarts is a pastiche of), but some went to grammar schools (selective state schools). Within this class, there's a clear divide:
AMC (plus socially mobile people whose kids will be AMC): Most academics, a majority of senior civil servants, a majority of (white, gentile) doctors (including almost all male ones), roughly half of barristers, most people who work for NGOs, a few rich people living off their money, and some of the non-trader bankers. These people have their own public schools (e.g. Highgate, St Pauls) and private schools. They are more likely to be non-conformist or low-church (most are still Anglican by extraction), although they're mostly atheists. They were historically the old civilian middle class (merchants, clerks etc.), the sort of people who backed Cromwell in the civil war and became the American puritans. They're naturally Lib Dems politically but the Labour moderates (e.g. Starmer, Blair) come from this class. They probably instinctively think the roundheads were the good guys in the civil war (possibly with hand-wringing about Ireland). Historically, Barclays and Lloyds were run by them, banking seems to be mixed far more thoroughly now. If in doubt, ask yourself whether you'd believe they have a brother who teaches political science at KCL. Anyone who rises into the upper middle class through education (grammar schools or comprehensive>Oxbridge) ends up on this side of the aisle. Facially, think John Oliver.
[Martial?] Upper Middle Class: the better sort of army officers, some female doctors, a minority of the senior civil service (basically the rest of the Upper Middle Class). Eton is their Harvard, but somewhere like Rugby or Uppingham would be more typical. They tend to be high-church Anglican by extraction, and are far more likely to have a Norman surname or a weird Scottish connection than is typical in England. They're largely derived from the old rural gentry, or the eighth son of the fifth son of a ninth son of the Upper Class. These people *are* the Conservative Party, barring the occasional hanger-on like Hague or Gavin Williams. Historically, banks then ran were HSBC and funny like Arbuthnott's. If in doubt, ask yourself whether you believe they have a brother who's a captain in the Blues and Royals. To a man, they think the cavaliers were the good guys in the civil war. Anyone who rises into the Upper Middle Class from having parents who just randomly got rich enough to send their kids to public schools (businessmen, athletes etc.) tends to end up on this side of the aisle. Facially, think David Cameron.
I'm fairly sure both upper middle classes are roughly the same size, but I could be off by about an order of magnitude (especially as by educational footprint, the MUMC looks much larger).
The Moldbug parallel should be apparent - the MUMC are basically sub-optimates, the AMC are Brahmins, the bulk of the Middle and Working Class are Vaisyas. This all interacts with race in very complicated ways, and English jews have their own byzantine internal class structure I don't entirely understand, but seem to have at least one equivalent to every group.
*There are two types of bankers. Some of them are "traders" and these are always the lower-class type but are in a broader category. I'm fairly fuzzy on what any of these people do so can't draw the line occupationally, but socially the distinction is obvious. "M&A" is possibly on the upper side of the line...?