The Assignment that I stayed up all night doing while Breonna James sent me bitchy letters
Also Breonna James claims that Turnitin claimed that it was AI. WHich is bullshit, but I hear that more. I have my doubts that she's telling the truth because she's a crazy woman, but I've heard it before. Now if I heard it from a client who wasn't trying to fuck me out of money and claiming that I'm late when I'm well within the due date, I might take it more seriously.
Either way, not only is ChatGPT taking my jobs, the jobs that I'm doing are showing up with false positives on the AI detector. So fuck this job. It's been fun but I need to do other stuff.
Breonna Jaames
Class
Teacher
December 3, 2024
Helping Teenagers Navigate Social Media
Abstract
There have been several studies on internet usage among adolescents. Often these studies point to the internet usage being problematic. These studies draw a correlation between adolescent internet usage and a host of issues including anxiety, low self-esteem, body dysmorphia and poor mental health. The studies have proven so compelling that in Australia, the legislation has made it illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to take part in social media.
When examining the studies that draw a correlation between social media and mental problems for adolescents, one needs to discern between actual problems and scaremongering. If one remembers that adolescence is a time of poor mental health, lose self-esteem and a difficulty making social connections, one is less eager to accept any causation from the correlation.
High schools need to be able to deal with poor mental health among adolescents regardless of social media usage. However, studies claiming that social media usage is exacerbating poor mental health are inconclusive. High school is a painful lonely place for most teenagers. Blaming social media for the pains of adolescence and social problems that have affected teenagers for centuries is at best an exaggeration.
Thus, high schools should be cognizant of the mental health of teenagers and provide classes and therapy to almost everyone. They do not necessarily need to take a proactive approach to social media usage besides banning it in the classroom when students are supposed to be learning. Instead they should train adolescents to make social connections and increase their self-esteem.
In the meantime, the positive and negative effects of social media may balance each other out. In many ways, social media may help teenagers deal with their mental health issues and schools should acknowledge the positive possibilities.
Introduction
Recently Australia parliament passed a law making it illegal for teenagers under the age of 16 to engage in social media. “The law will make platforms including TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, Reddit, X and Instagram liable for fines of up to 50 million Australian dollars ($33 million) for systemic failures to prevent children younger than 16 from holding accounts.” (McGuirk). While some stated that certain teenagers will be isolated by the inability to access social media, the major impetus for the ban is the old fashioned fear mongering. The requisite campaigner with the usual sob story about her 15-year old daughter being groomed and murdered by a pedophile controlled the narrative. Even as Australia may be engaged in fear mongering, there is some evidence that social media has an adverse effect on the mental health of high school students. In this paper, I will explore the question of "How does the use of media affect the mental well being of high school students and what methods can schools apply to help students in handling their social media consumption more effectively?" The hypothesis is that social media has an adverse effect on the psychological well-being of teenagers and schools can help these teenagers by providing classes in social media critical thinking.
High School Students and Social Media
There are several issues when it comes to examining the effects of social media on the metnal health of teenagers. First, teenagers are on various platforms. A comprehensive study on the negative effects of Twitter may not translate to Facebook or Instagram. There are pitfalls in every platform. Twitter is an echo chamber of toxic talking points, especially with the re-entry of Andrew Tate and his followers. Meanwhile, Instagram shows teenagers models with socially accepted physiques smiling and making duck faces for the camera. Facebook is not a popular site for teenagers, but it still has many AI generated propaganda with an algorithm that seeks to anger the user enough to stay on.
Pew Research has seen a great deal of trends leading teenagers away from Facebook. Teenagers are in different platforms like YouTube and TikTok these days. However, “lower-income teens are more likely to gravitate toward Facebook than those from higher-income households” (Anderson & JingJing). The studies on social media need to be up-to-date and work within the context of mental health.
The context of mental health is a particularly important on at the moment, especially in an era of high stress and suicide. Within the high school experience, there are several reasons to be concerned even as the advantages of social media need to be addressed. On the plus side, educators can view social media as a potential factor in students' academic success and relationships. Students can look up different information and interact with strangers who can provide community. This is especially important for marginalized students who don't necessarily conform to their school's criteria. Teenage outcasts such as juggalos, furries and LGBT youth can find sympathetic friends online when they are having trouble finding friends in their immediate communities.
However, studies have also shown that digital media can have adverse effects on anxiety, self-esteem and social connections. In a 2018 study, the researchers found that teens overwhelmingly use Snapchat. (Rideout 7). Snapchat is a social media platform that erases the activity. However, recent teen activity seems to be gravitating towards TikTok. In the early 2010s, Tumblr was very popular as privileged teenagers took the most extreme political stances and told each other to check their privilege.
The social media algorithm is often based on likes and communities. All social media companies want engagement which often translates to arguments. However, sometimes it translates to leading people, especially teenagers down unhealthy rabbit holes such as MRA groups or pro-ana (anorexia) forums where teenagers encourage each other to not eat and vomit up whatever they do eat.
Evidence-Based Research
There are several studies that seek to examine the psychological well-being of teenagers in light of social media. In one study the researchers found that “Facebook use influences the two components of subjective well-being: how people feel moment-to-moment and how satisfied they are with their lives. Our results indicate that Facebook use predicts negative shifts on both of these variables over time.” (Kross) In other words, Facebook makes people sad. The more you are on Facebook, the less you feel satisfaction with your life. There is a great deal of FOMO and jealousy when it comes to Facbeook. You see people living their best lives or working within the context of putting their best faces forward. Their pictures are cultivated and put under filters. Their successes are announced. Their failures are hidden. Everyone's cat is dying.
This finding is bolstered by other researchers who studied time on using screens. “After 1 h/day of use, more hours of daily screen time were associated with lower psychological well-being, including less curiosity, lower self-control, more distractibility, more difficulty making friends, less emotional stability, being more difficult to care for, and inability to finish tasks.” (Twenge & Campbell 271). His is a slightly different result as it points to an ADHD symptom happening with social media. Of course, correlation is not necessarily causation and often the causes are confused.
For example, there was a study stating that people who go to concerts every week live longer. The study was shared all over social media as if music is magic and can cure cancer. A few logical deductions would make it obvious that people who go to concerts on a weekly basis can afford to go to concerts on a weekly basis. In other words, the study only proved that rich people live longer which is something that is quite obvious in the American health care system where the wealthiest members of society can afford the best health insurance, which means that they can go to doctors on a regular basis and screen for possible diseases before they become serious. Should they learn that they have something serious they can use the best treatments. This is opposed tot people who cannot afford to go to concerts on a regular basis who also cannot afford to go to the doctor every time something feels like it's going wrong. So they finally drag themselves into the Emergency Department and discover that they have three hours to live.
By that same token, the Twenge & Campbell article might suggest that internet usage causes the symptoms of ADHD. However, the symptoms of ADHD might cause people to want to use social media for a long time. So someone who is more prone to distraction and less likely to finish tasks may feel more comfortable online among the scrolling pictures and varied news stories.
Another issue that arises when it comes to social media is body image. “Adolescents...are especially susceptible to the influence of idealized images and lifestyles often promoted on social media” (Goldfield) Other studies link heavy Instagram usage to increased body dissatisfaction, lower-self esteem as well as depression and anxiety. (Fardouly et al 1382). At their point, we should see that these studies can point to a great deal of damage to the teenager who engages in social media usage.
There are some caveats. Every generation has something that scares parents and convinces them that their children are going to go astray. Most of the time, parents just don't want to deal with their teenage children with their moods and their hormones so they find external factors to blame. In the past, everything from violent videogames to Dungeons & Dragons to rock music was blamed for teenage mental health concerns. There were plenty of studies that drew correlations between teenage mental health problems and these scary things.
However, teenagers tend to have poor mental health due to puberty and the highly emotional state that these growth spurts put teenagers in. Often, mental health professionals are reluctant to diagnose mental illnesses such as bipolar depression or anxiety until after the teenager is past the major growth stages in order not to confuse normal teenage behavior with bipolar depression.
Still, these studies do suggest that there are some mental issues that social media can either cause or exacerbate. High school students need to be able to discern between social interactions and the hyper-fixated social interactions that occur on social media could provide too much stimuli for teenagers.
Possible Solutions
When we talk about high schoolers using social media and increasing their mental health issues there are several issues that need to be addressed. There are several concepts within the mental health alignment that we can consider. Many of the scare stories around the internet such as negative body image, possible grooming by pedophiles and bullying are also issues that happen in real life. Bullies are in all schools and towns. If a school is not going to get serious about curtailing bullying, then the social media can be a haven away from the every day bullying. Either way, blaming Facebook for a teenager being bullied into suicide is wishful thinking on the part of parents and lawmakers. Teenagers have been bullied into suicide for centuries and social media doesn't appear to make it any worse.
The most obvious solution is the Australian solution where social media companies are fined for allowing 15 year old kids onto the platforms. However, the Australian solution is extremely stupid without warrant. The Australian lawmakers are under the delusion that without the internet, pedophiles won't be able to groom 14 year old girls. It's as if they never heard of the Catholic Church or dozens of organizations that have behaved in similarly grotesque ways when confronted with the sins of their employees.
Once we throw out the ridiculous Australian fantasy laws, we should deal with the ways that teenagers' mental well-being can be damanged by too much social media usage. While the studies show correlation, they do not show causation. Still, one should approach the potential for damage in the same way one approaches the potential for damage when it comes to other things that teenagers like to do including smoking marijuana and having sex behind the bleachers.
Teenagers need therapy. Teenagers are learning how to make social connections and build up their self-esteem. While studies show that Instagram can damage teenagers' body image and self-esteem, teenagers are the most self-conscious and insecure people on the planet. How many adults have looked at their teenage pictures and realized with a mixture of shock and admiration that they were really pretty when they were 15? The shock is because no 15 year old thinks that they are good looking. They have pimples. They are growing. They feel awkward and self-conscious all the time. Even worse, they surrounded by people who look attractive. They are judging their self-image by the criteria of the people around them. They don't know that the cutest and most attractive peers also have extreme insecurity. It's a vicious cycle.
Does the internet make this worse? Or do these studies just tell us what we already know about the ways that adolescence is lonely and painful?
Thus, regardless of social media usage, teenagers should be thought critical thinking, self-esteem and social connections. However, classes based around these themes rarely work out. Teenagers should learn critical thinking, but how many of them graduate from high school just as stupid as they went in? Note all those memes that declare that Calculus was a waste of time and we should have been taught how to do our taxes. Only if teenager paid attention in Calculus, they would be able to fill out their tax forms without an issue since they would have gotten the critical thinking out of it.
Schools need to be able to work with teenagers in order to make sure that the teenagers are dealing with their emotional and self-esteem issues. If a teenager has enough self-esteem then the social media negative influences won't work so hard on the teenager. Teenagers with anxiety need to be able to navigate the world of TikTok and Snapchat.
Ideally, every teenager should have a therapist to talk through the extreme loneliness and isolation that comes with the high school experience. Social media can relieve the isolation or it can make it worse. A comprehensive education in social media usage and avoiding the worst places will go a long way to helping students navigate the world.
Conclusion
Many of the studies stating that social media exacerbates anxiety, poor self-esteem and poor social connections feel disingenuous when one considers just how difficult adolescence is for self-esteem and the like. Teenagers are often bullied and isolated in their high schools. Teenagers go to social media in order to find new friends. Many of the studies that state that the more time a teenager spends online, the more likely the teenager is to be distracted may be actually saying that teenagers who are more susceptible to distraction spend more time online due the fact that they are more comfortable in online spaces where they are not expected to look people in the eyes or stay on any one topic.
Ultimately, the problems that people state are part of social media are the same problems that adolescents have been facing for centuries. The American education system needs to better address mental health, bullying, anxiety and self-esteem regardless of social media. If social media makes these problems worse then it is important that schools address these problems more comprehensively.
Finally, social media may hurt adolescents but it also has positive connotations in helping teenagers find accepting peers. This aspecta of social media should be encouraged.
Works Cited
Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang. “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018.” Pew Research Center, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
Fardouly Jon, Brian Willburger & Leroy Varanian. “Instagram Use and Young Women's Body Image Concerns and Self-Objectification: Testing Meditational Pathways. New Media & Society, vol. 20, no. 4, 2018. 1380-1395.
Goldfield, Barry. “The Effects of Social Media Use on Teens' Body Image.” Psychology Today, 2023, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/no-more-fomo/202312/the-effects-of-social-media-use-on-teens-body-image
Kross, Ethan, et al. “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults.” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 8, 2013, e69841
McGuirk, Rod. “Australian Parliament Bans Social Media for Under 16s with World-Fist Laws. Associated Press. 2014. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/australia-social-media-children-ban-safeguarding-harm-accounts-d0cde2603bdbc7167801da1d00ecd056
Rideout, Victoria J., et al. “Social Media, Social Life: Teens Reveal Their Experiences.” Common Sense Media, vol. 3, 2018, pp. 1-26.
Twenge, Jean M., and W. Keith Campbell. “Associations between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-Being among Children and Adolescents: Evidence from a Population-Based Study.” Preventive Medicine Reports, vol. 12, 2018, pp. 271-283
Either way, not only is ChatGPT taking my jobs, the jobs that I'm doing are showing up with false positives on the AI detector. So fuck this job. It's been fun but I need to do other stuff.
Breonna Jaames
Class
Teacher
December 3, 2024
Helping Teenagers Navigate Social Media
Abstract
There have been several studies on internet usage among adolescents. Often these studies point to the internet usage being problematic. These studies draw a correlation between adolescent internet usage and a host of issues including anxiety, low self-esteem, body dysmorphia and poor mental health. The studies have proven so compelling that in Australia, the legislation has made it illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to take part in social media.
When examining the studies that draw a correlation between social media and mental problems for adolescents, one needs to discern between actual problems and scaremongering. If one remembers that adolescence is a time of poor mental health, lose self-esteem and a difficulty making social connections, one is less eager to accept any causation from the correlation.
High schools need to be able to deal with poor mental health among adolescents regardless of social media usage. However, studies claiming that social media usage is exacerbating poor mental health are inconclusive. High school is a painful lonely place for most teenagers. Blaming social media for the pains of adolescence and social problems that have affected teenagers for centuries is at best an exaggeration.
Thus, high schools should be cognizant of the mental health of teenagers and provide classes and therapy to almost everyone. They do not necessarily need to take a proactive approach to social media usage besides banning it in the classroom when students are supposed to be learning. Instead they should train adolescents to make social connections and increase their self-esteem.
In the meantime, the positive and negative effects of social media may balance each other out. In many ways, social media may help teenagers deal with their mental health issues and schools should acknowledge the positive possibilities.
Introduction
Recently Australia parliament passed a law making it illegal for teenagers under the age of 16 to engage in social media. “The law will make platforms including TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, Reddit, X and Instagram liable for fines of up to 50 million Australian dollars ($33 million) for systemic failures to prevent children younger than 16 from holding accounts.” (McGuirk). While some stated that certain teenagers will be isolated by the inability to access social media, the major impetus for the ban is the old fashioned fear mongering. The requisite campaigner with the usual sob story about her 15-year old daughter being groomed and murdered by a pedophile controlled the narrative. Even as Australia may be engaged in fear mongering, there is some evidence that social media has an adverse effect on the mental health of high school students. In this paper, I will explore the question of "How does the use of media affect the mental well being of high school students and what methods can schools apply to help students in handling their social media consumption more effectively?" The hypothesis is that social media has an adverse effect on the psychological well-being of teenagers and schools can help these teenagers by providing classes in social media critical thinking.
High School Students and Social Media
There are several issues when it comes to examining the effects of social media on the metnal health of teenagers. First, teenagers are on various platforms. A comprehensive study on the negative effects of Twitter may not translate to Facebook or Instagram. There are pitfalls in every platform. Twitter is an echo chamber of toxic talking points, especially with the re-entry of Andrew Tate and his followers. Meanwhile, Instagram shows teenagers models with socially accepted physiques smiling and making duck faces for the camera. Facebook is not a popular site for teenagers, but it still has many AI generated propaganda with an algorithm that seeks to anger the user enough to stay on.
Pew Research has seen a great deal of trends leading teenagers away from Facebook. Teenagers are in different platforms like YouTube and TikTok these days. However, “lower-income teens are more likely to gravitate toward Facebook than those from higher-income households” (Anderson & JingJing). The studies on social media need to be up-to-date and work within the context of mental health.
The context of mental health is a particularly important on at the moment, especially in an era of high stress and suicide. Within the high school experience, there are several reasons to be concerned even as the advantages of social media need to be addressed. On the plus side, educators can view social media as a potential factor in students' academic success and relationships. Students can look up different information and interact with strangers who can provide community. This is especially important for marginalized students who don't necessarily conform to their school's criteria. Teenage outcasts such as juggalos, furries and LGBT youth can find sympathetic friends online when they are having trouble finding friends in their immediate communities.
However, studies have also shown that digital media can have adverse effects on anxiety, self-esteem and social connections. In a 2018 study, the researchers found that teens overwhelmingly use Snapchat. (Rideout 7). Snapchat is a social media platform that erases the activity. However, recent teen activity seems to be gravitating towards TikTok. In the early 2010s, Tumblr was very popular as privileged teenagers took the most extreme political stances and told each other to check their privilege.
The social media algorithm is often based on likes and communities. All social media companies want engagement which often translates to arguments. However, sometimes it translates to leading people, especially teenagers down unhealthy rabbit holes such as MRA groups or pro-ana (anorexia) forums where teenagers encourage each other to not eat and vomit up whatever they do eat.
Evidence-Based Research
There are several studies that seek to examine the psychological well-being of teenagers in light of social media. In one study the researchers found that “Facebook use influences the two components of subjective well-being: how people feel moment-to-moment and how satisfied they are with their lives. Our results indicate that Facebook use predicts negative shifts on both of these variables over time.” (Kross) In other words, Facebook makes people sad. The more you are on Facebook, the less you feel satisfaction with your life. There is a great deal of FOMO and jealousy when it comes to Facbeook. You see people living their best lives or working within the context of putting their best faces forward. Their pictures are cultivated and put under filters. Their successes are announced. Their failures are hidden. Everyone's cat is dying.
This finding is bolstered by other researchers who studied time on using screens. “After 1 h/day of use, more hours of daily screen time were associated with lower psychological well-being, including less curiosity, lower self-control, more distractibility, more difficulty making friends, less emotional stability, being more difficult to care for, and inability to finish tasks.” (Twenge & Campbell 271). His is a slightly different result as it points to an ADHD symptom happening with social media. Of course, correlation is not necessarily causation and often the causes are confused.
For example, there was a study stating that people who go to concerts every week live longer. The study was shared all over social media as if music is magic and can cure cancer. A few logical deductions would make it obvious that people who go to concerts on a weekly basis can afford to go to concerts on a weekly basis. In other words, the study only proved that rich people live longer which is something that is quite obvious in the American health care system where the wealthiest members of society can afford the best health insurance, which means that they can go to doctors on a regular basis and screen for possible diseases before they become serious. Should they learn that they have something serious they can use the best treatments. This is opposed tot people who cannot afford to go to concerts on a regular basis who also cannot afford to go to the doctor every time something feels like it's going wrong. So they finally drag themselves into the Emergency Department and discover that they have three hours to live.
By that same token, the Twenge & Campbell article might suggest that internet usage causes the symptoms of ADHD. However, the symptoms of ADHD might cause people to want to use social media for a long time. So someone who is more prone to distraction and less likely to finish tasks may feel more comfortable online among the scrolling pictures and varied news stories.
Another issue that arises when it comes to social media is body image. “Adolescents...are especially susceptible to the influence of idealized images and lifestyles often promoted on social media” (Goldfield) Other studies link heavy Instagram usage to increased body dissatisfaction, lower-self esteem as well as depression and anxiety. (Fardouly et al 1382). At their point, we should see that these studies can point to a great deal of damage to the teenager who engages in social media usage.
There are some caveats. Every generation has something that scares parents and convinces them that their children are going to go astray. Most of the time, parents just don't want to deal with their teenage children with their moods and their hormones so they find external factors to blame. In the past, everything from violent videogames to Dungeons & Dragons to rock music was blamed for teenage mental health concerns. There were plenty of studies that drew correlations between teenage mental health problems and these scary things.
However, teenagers tend to have poor mental health due to puberty and the highly emotional state that these growth spurts put teenagers in. Often, mental health professionals are reluctant to diagnose mental illnesses such as bipolar depression or anxiety until after the teenager is past the major growth stages in order not to confuse normal teenage behavior with bipolar depression.
Still, these studies do suggest that there are some mental issues that social media can either cause or exacerbate. High school students need to be able to discern between social interactions and the hyper-fixated social interactions that occur on social media could provide too much stimuli for teenagers.
Possible Solutions
When we talk about high schoolers using social media and increasing their mental health issues there are several issues that need to be addressed. There are several concepts within the mental health alignment that we can consider. Many of the scare stories around the internet such as negative body image, possible grooming by pedophiles and bullying are also issues that happen in real life. Bullies are in all schools and towns. If a school is not going to get serious about curtailing bullying, then the social media can be a haven away from the every day bullying. Either way, blaming Facebook for a teenager being bullied into suicide is wishful thinking on the part of parents and lawmakers. Teenagers have been bullied into suicide for centuries and social media doesn't appear to make it any worse.
The most obvious solution is the Australian solution where social media companies are fined for allowing 15 year old kids onto the platforms. However, the Australian solution is extremely stupid without warrant. The Australian lawmakers are under the delusion that without the internet, pedophiles won't be able to groom 14 year old girls. It's as if they never heard of the Catholic Church or dozens of organizations that have behaved in similarly grotesque ways when confronted with the sins of their employees.
Once we throw out the ridiculous Australian fantasy laws, we should deal with the ways that teenagers' mental well-being can be damanged by too much social media usage. While the studies show correlation, they do not show causation. Still, one should approach the potential for damage in the same way one approaches the potential for damage when it comes to other things that teenagers like to do including smoking marijuana and having sex behind the bleachers.
Teenagers need therapy. Teenagers are learning how to make social connections and build up their self-esteem. While studies show that Instagram can damage teenagers' body image and self-esteem, teenagers are the most self-conscious and insecure people on the planet. How many adults have looked at their teenage pictures and realized with a mixture of shock and admiration that they were really pretty when they were 15? The shock is because no 15 year old thinks that they are good looking. They have pimples. They are growing. They feel awkward and self-conscious all the time. Even worse, they surrounded by people who look attractive. They are judging their self-image by the criteria of the people around them. They don't know that the cutest and most attractive peers also have extreme insecurity. It's a vicious cycle.
Does the internet make this worse? Or do these studies just tell us what we already know about the ways that adolescence is lonely and painful?
Thus, regardless of social media usage, teenagers should be thought critical thinking, self-esteem and social connections. However, classes based around these themes rarely work out. Teenagers should learn critical thinking, but how many of them graduate from high school just as stupid as they went in? Note all those memes that declare that Calculus was a waste of time and we should have been taught how to do our taxes. Only if teenager paid attention in Calculus, they would be able to fill out their tax forms without an issue since they would have gotten the critical thinking out of it.
Schools need to be able to work with teenagers in order to make sure that the teenagers are dealing with their emotional and self-esteem issues. If a teenager has enough self-esteem then the social media negative influences won't work so hard on the teenager. Teenagers with anxiety need to be able to navigate the world of TikTok and Snapchat.
Ideally, every teenager should have a therapist to talk through the extreme loneliness and isolation that comes with the high school experience. Social media can relieve the isolation or it can make it worse. A comprehensive education in social media usage and avoiding the worst places will go a long way to helping students navigate the world.
Conclusion
Many of the studies stating that social media exacerbates anxiety, poor self-esteem and poor social connections feel disingenuous when one considers just how difficult adolescence is for self-esteem and the like. Teenagers are often bullied and isolated in their high schools. Teenagers go to social media in order to find new friends. Many of the studies that state that the more time a teenager spends online, the more likely the teenager is to be distracted may be actually saying that teenagers who are more susceptible to distraction spend more time online due the fact that they are more comfortable in online spaces where they are not expected to look people in the eyes or stay on any one topic.
Ultimately, the problems that people state are part of social media are the same problems that adolescents have been facing for centuries. The American education system needs to better address mental health, bullying, anxiety and self-esteem regardless of social media. If social media makes these problems worse then it is important that schools address these problems more comprehensively.
Finally, social media may hurt adolescents but it also has positive connotations in helping teenagers find accepting peers. This aspecta of social media should be encouraged.
Works Cited
Anderson, Monica, and Jingjing Jiang. “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018.” Pew Research Center, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
Fardouly Jon, Brian Willburger & Leroy Varanian. “Instagram Use and Young Women's Body Image Concerns and Self-Objectification: Testing Meditational Pathways. New Media & Society, vol. 20, no. 4, 2018. 1380-1395.
Goldfield, Barry. “The Effects of Social Media Use on Teens' Body Image.” Psychology Today, 2023, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/no-more-fomo/202312/the-effects-of-social-media-use-on-teens-body-image
Kross, Ethan, et al. “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults.” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 8, 2013, e69841
McGuirk, Rod. “Australian Parliament Bans Social Media for Under 16s with World-Fist Laws. Associated Press. 2014. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/australia-social-media-children-ban-safeguarding-harm-accounts-d0cde2603bdbc7167801da1d00ecd056
Rideout, Victoria J., et al. “Social Media, Social Life: Teens Reveal Their Experiences.” Common Sense Media, vol. 3, 2018, pp. 1-26.
Twenge, Jean M., and W. Keith Campbell. “Associations between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-Being among Children and Adolescents: Evidence from a Population-Based Study.” Preventive Medicine Reports, vol. 12, 2018, pp. 271-283