Cheru-Sensei's surprise Japanese lesson :P
Okay... I need to study for my Japanese final. I have to remember sentence forms. So, I'm gonna just post them here. Because it seems to help. :P
1. Passive Form
This is the form of something being done to something. For example, the active form (I guess that's what you'd call it?) would be "John kicked the ball." The passive form of that sentence would be "The ball was kicked by John."
To change this form in U-verbs, you can use one of two methods. Take the dictionary negative form, take off "nai," and add "reru." Or, take dictionary form, change the u to an a, and add "reru."
Nomu -> Nomanai -> Noma -> Nomareru
Aruku -> Arukanai -> Aruka -> Arukareru
Warau -> Warawa -> Warawareru
Hanasu -> Hanasa -> Hanasareru
For a Ru-verb, you take off the "ru," and add "rareru."
Taberu -> Tabe -> Taberareru
Miru -> Mi -> Mirareru
Okiru -> Oki -> Okirareru
Irregulars...
Suru -> Sareru
Kuru -> Korareru?
How to use it... Well, the person/thing doing the action is indicated by "ni." The receiving person/object is indicated by "wa." In the sentence "The ball was kicked by John," John is doing the action, so "By John" would be "John ni." The thing receiving the action is the ball. So, that would become "Booru wa." Put together, the sentence would be "Booru wa John ni keraremashita"
Examples:
The pen was taken by Ikuko.
Pen wa Ikuko ni torareta.
The street was walked upon by the dog.
Michi wa inu ni arukaremashita.
The cake was eaten by the old woman.
Keeki wa fukuro ni taberareta.
The movie was seen by all the children
Eiga wa minna no kodomo ni miraremashita.
The book was studied by the student.
Hon wa gakusei ni benkyou sareta.
Adding "shimau" after the te-form of rareru form, it means that something was completely done, or that there was something done with remorse? I'm not sure about the second part...
The vegetables were completely finished by the lady.
Yasai wa onna ni taberarete shimaimashita.
Tarou was completely laughed at by Ikuko.
Tarou wa Ikuko ni warawarete shimaimashita.
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2. Even if...
This form is made by making the first part of a sentence into te-form, adding "mo," and connecting another sentence. This makes a form of "Even if this happens, this will/won't happen." In the sentence "Even if I eat a lot of candy, I won't get sick," The first part of that sentence comes first in Japanese, as it does in English. That would be "Takusan ame wo taberu." The second part of that sentence would be "Byouki ni narimasen." So, to connect them, make the first part into te-form, and add "mo." "Takusan ame wo tabete mo, byouki ni narimasen."
Even if I practice every day, I will never be able to dance.
Mainichi renshuu shite mo, keshite dansu ga dekimasen.
Even if I drink this water, I'll still be thirsty.
Kono mizu wo nonde mo, mada nodo ga kawaiteimashita.
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3. Called
To say that something is called something else, you put "to iu" between the two things. For example, "A convenience store called Lawson..." You would need to reverse the order of "Lawson" and "Convenience store." This is because normally, if you say "to iu," it's saying that someone said something. "Miko wa 'Ganbatte' to itta," means "Miko said good luck. Notice how "to itta" comes at the end. Also, in Japanese, if you put a noun after a dictionary form verb, the verb becomes a descriptor. "Okotta saru" = "Angry monkey"; "Noreru densha" = "A train that can be ridden." etc. Anyway. In that respect, "A store called Lawson" would be "Lawson to iu konbini."
Yesterday, I saw the movie called "Dreams."
Kinou, "Yume" to iu eiga wo mita.
Today, I met a dog named Beau.
Beau to iu inu to atta.
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4. To become
Okay... I'm not entirely sure what Nakao means by putting this one on the sheet... I'm not sure if we learned an extra form using naru, but by itself, as he's written it on the study sheet, it just means to become. The reason I'm confused is because I learned this long before I ever took the course. :/
Well... it means to become...
I became a teacher.
Kyoushi ni narimashita.
He's becoming a man.
Otoko ni natteiru.
You ni narimasu means to become able to do something
Fugu wo tabereru you ni narimashita.
I became able to eat blowfish.
Kanji wo kakeru you ni narimashita.
I bacame able to write kanji.
I-adjective, ku narimasu, to have become that adjective.
Minikui koahiru wa utsukushiku narimashita.
The ugly duckling became beautiful.
Kanojo no musuko wa takaku narimashita.
Her son became tall.
Na-adjective, ni narimasu, to have become that adjective.
Yubiwa wa midori ni narimashita.
The ring turned green.
Senshuu, byouki ni narimashita.
I got sick, last week.
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5. Tari... Shimasu.
Okay... I don't ever remember actually learning this. I remember having to do this. But I don't remember learning it. So, I turned to Tim Takamatsu. :D He says...
"Add ri to verbs in the Ta Form to mention various actions where accuracy or detail isn't necessary. Structures which use two or more verbs are most common. Be sure to add a form of suru after the last one"
So, from what I gather, it's basically just making a long list. :P Past tense dictionary form plus ri after each one, and ending completely in some form of suru.
Yesterday, I went to school, came home, had dinner, had a bath and went to sleep.
Kinou, gakkou he ittari, kaettari, yuushoku wo tabetari, ofuro ni haittari, netari shimashita.
I think he took some medicine, ate some soup, drank some juice and slept a lot to get better.
Naoru tame ni, kare wa kusuri wo nondari, suupu wo tabetari, juusu wo nondari, yoku netari shita to omoimasu.
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6. Spend time doing
This is a simple form. To say that you spent time doing something, change your verb to te-form, and add "sugoshimasu."
I spend my free time drawing.
Hima ni, e wo kaite sugoshimasu.
I spent time, last week, making a doll.
Senshuu, ningyou wo tsukutte sugoshimashita.
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7. To be obsessed with
Another really easy form. If it's a verb, you have to make it a noun. Then, just add "ni necchuu" or "ni mucchuu" and desu or narimasu or shiteimasu... Well... On the first sheet, he wrote shiteimasu, but I did this on an essay, and he corrected it to desu... Then on this final exam sheet, he wrote narimasu, which I'd never seen before that way in my life... So... Who knows? Keep in mind, I'm still getting the degree. Don't take my word as law. :P
I'm obsessed with Park Hyo Shin
Park Hyo Shin ni mucchuu shiteimasu. <3
I'm obsessed with singing.
Utau koto ni necchuu desu.
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8. You to omoimasu
I have no idea what the hell he means by this either. You-form and the sentence structure for to omoimasu are two completely different things, independent of one another. While you can put them together, it seems like a really, very specific thing to study for an exam... And the weird thing is... On the sheet, "you" is in parentheses, implying that "to omoimasu" is the more important thing to study. But we learned this before the midterm exam. It was already tested on, and should already be known. So it seems like a weird thing to be studying. Well, being that I'm already very familiar with the form, I guess I'll just copy out the whole explanation of you-form out of my old entry, because I don't feel like rewriting it. And in all honesty, it's not that hard to begin with. It's just for consistancy. :P
You means to resemble something. "Ame no oto no you desu" means "It's like the sound of rain." Let me go over the different forms...
-You desu
This is used when something is resembling the noun itself.
His hands are like ice.
Kare no te wa koori no you desu.
It tastes like cake.
Keeki no aji no you desu.
-You na
This is used to express something that has a certain quality.
My devil of a dog is destroying the lawn.
Watashi no akuma no you na inu wa shibafu wo horoboshiteimasu.
That guy who looks like Keith Urban was talking to me today.
Ano Keith Urban no you na otoko wa kyou, watashi ni hanashiteimashita."
-You ni
This is used to express the way in which something is done.
He roundhouse kicked that guy like Chuck Norris.
Kare wa Chuck Norris no you ni ano otoko wo raundohausu kemashita.
We must become swift, like a river.
Kawa no binkatsu no you ni naranakereba narimasen.
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9. The best
To say someone is the best at something... You need to list the category of which this person comes in, have "no naka de," list the person, have "ga ichiban" and list if they're good or bad or what...
Park Hyo Shin is the best singer.
Kashu no naka de, Park Hyo Shin ga ichiban ii desu.
Cherries are the worst food.
Tabemono no naka de, sakuranbo ga ichiban mazui desu.
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10. Want someone to do something
To make this form, you need to put the person wanting this thing first, if not already implied. In the sentence, "The mom wanted the boy to clean his room," this would be the mom, "Okaasan wa." Then, the person that the sentence is aimed at, followed by ni: "Musuko ni." Then the action, cleaning the room, "heya wo souji suru." But this has to be in te-form, so we'll make it "heya wo souji shite." And at the end, to want, "Hoshikatta desu." "Okaasan wa musuko ni heya wo souji shite hoshikatta desu."
I want Park Hyo Shin to sing the song "Any Love"
Watashi wa Park Hyo Shin ni "Any Love to iu uta wo utatte hoshii desu.
I want the neighbors to turn off their lights.
Watashi wa tonari no hito ni denki wo keshite hoshii desu.
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11. Complete something for future convenience
This seemed like a really weird form, to me... I mean, it's useful, and all, but... Just strange. Anyway, you just change your verb to te-form, and add "aru."
I went to the bathroom before we left on vacation.
Ryokou no mae ni, toire wo tsukatte arimashita.
I studied all night, before my exam.
Shiken no mae ni, ichiyorujuu benkyou shite arimashita.
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12. Make/let someone do something
To change an U-verb to make this form, change last letter sound in dictionary form from U to A, and add "seru." Or, Take the "nai" off negative dictionary form, and add "seru."
Kiku -> Kikanai -> Kika -> Kikaseru
Suu -> Suwanai -> Suwa -> Suwaseru
Hanasu -> Hanasa -> Hanaseru
Tanoshimu -> Tanoshima -> Tanoshimaseru
For Ru-verbs, drop the ru, and add saseru.
Taberu -> Tabe -> Tabesaseru
Kakeru -> Kake -> Kakesaseru
Ireru -> Ire -> Iresaseru
Miru -> Mi -> Misaseru
Irregulars...
Suru -> Saseru
Kuru -> Kosaseru
To make this form, the person allowing the action to go on is indicated by "wa." The person made to do something is indicated by "ni." So, to say the sentence, "I made Susie hit Johnny." (because I'm evil like that >D) I'm the one making this go on. So it starts "Watashi wa." The person I'm making do this is Susie, so the next part is "Susie ni." What's taking place is Johnny getting hit, so the next last part of the sentence would be "Johnny wo Utaseru." "Watashi wa Susie ni Johnny wo utaseta."
The mother made her son eat his vegetables.
Okaasan wa musuko ni yasai wo tabesaseta.
The teacher made his students do lots of homework.
Kyoushi wa gakusei ni takusan shukudai wo saseta.
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Hai, owari de~su! <3 ^^
*edit* *edit *edit*
Okay, so, apparently, I skipped two of the topics on the sheet. I'll do those now...
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13. Hearsay
This is a form to indicate that you heard something. For verbs, use dictionary form. For nouns and na-adjectives, add da at the end. I-adjectives stay as they are. If these are in the stated forms, add "sou desu" to the end of them.
I heard that that guy is gay.
Ano otoko wa douseiaisha da sou desu.
I heard that Bichons are stupid.
Bichon wa atama ga warui sou desu.
I heard that it's going to rain today.
Kyou, ame ga furu sou desu.
This is not to be confused with the form that makes up "it seems that..." For that, verbs are in masu-form, minus masu, i-adjectives have the final "i" removed, na-adjectives minus the da, and I don't think this applies to nouns at all. For those, you add "sou desu. For nouns, I believe you add "mitai desu." Though, I could be wrong about "sou desu" not applying. I'm almost certain that mitai desu is correct, though.
It looks like it's going to rain.
Ame ga furisou desu.
----------
14. While doing
This is a form to indicate that you're doing something while doing something else as well. It's simple. You take the masu off a masu-form verb, add nagara and add on the next sentence.
I can whistle while drinking.
Watashi wa nominagara, kuchibue wo fukeru.
I was singing while I was driving home.
Uchi he unten shinagara, utatteita.
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Hai, ima, owari desu. ^^
1. Passive Form
This is the form of something being done to something. For example, the active form (I guess that's what you'd call it?) would be "John kicked the ball." The passive form of that sentence would be "The ball was kicked by John."
To change this form in U-verbs, you can use one of two methods. Take the dictionary negative form, take off "nai," and add "reru." Or, take dictionary form, change the u to an a, and add "reru."
Nomu -> Nomanai -> Noma -> Nomareru
Aruku -> Arukanai -> Aruka -> Arukareru
Warau -> Warawa -> Warawareru
Hanasu -> Hanasa -> Hanasareru
For a Ru-verb, you take off the "ru," and add "rareru."
Taberu -> Tabe -> Taberareru
Miru -> Mi -> Mirareru
Okiru -> Oki -> Okirareru
Irregulars...
Suru -> Sareru
Kuru -> Korareru?
How to use it... Well, the person/thing doing the action is indicated by "ni." The receiving person/object is indicated by "wa." In the sentence "The ball was kicked by John," John is doing the action, so "By John" would be "John ni." The thing receiving the action is the ball. So, that would become "Booru wa." Put together, the sentence would be "Booru wa John ni keraremashita"
Examples:
The pen was taken by Ikuko.
Pen wa Ikuko ni torareta.
The street was walked upon by the dog.
Michi wa inu ni arukaremashita.
The cake was eaten by the old woman.
Keeki wa fukuro ni taberareta.
The movie was seen by all the children
Eiga wa minna no kodomo ni miraremashita.
The book was studied by the student.
Hon wa gakusei ni benkyou sareta.
Adding "shimau" after the te-form of rareru form, it means that something was completely done, or that there was something done with remorse? I'm not sure about the second part...
The vegetables were completely finished by the lady.
Yasai wa onna ni taberarete shimaimashita.
Tarou was completely laughed at by Ikuko.
Tarou wa Ikuko ni warawarete shimaimashita.
----------
2. Even if...
This form is made by making the first part of a sentence into te-form, adding "mo," and connecting another sentence. This makes a form of "Even if this happens, this will/won't happen." In the sentence "Even if I eat a lot of candy, I won't get sick," The first part of that sentence comes first in Japanese, as it does in English. That would be "Takusan ame wo taberu." The second part of that sentence would be "Byouki ni narimasen." So, to connect them, make the first part into te-form, and add "mo." "Takusan ame wo tabete mo, byouki ni narimasen."
Even if I practice every day, I will never be able to dance.
Mainichi renshuu shite mo, keshite dansu ga dekimasen.
Even if I drink this water, I'll still be thirsty.
Kono mizu wo nonde mo, mada nodo ga kawaiteimashita.
----------
3. Called
To say that something is called something else, you put "to iu" between the two things. For example, "A convenience store called Lawson..." You would need to reverse the order of "Lawson" and "Convenience store." This is because normally, if you say "to iu," it's saying that someone said something. "Miko wa 'Ganbatte' to itta," means "Miko said good luck. Notice how "to itta" comes at the end. Also, in Japanese, if you put a noun after a dictionary form verb, the verb becomes a descriptor. "Okotta saru" = "Angry monkey"; "Noreru densha" = "A train that can be ridden." etc. Anyway. In that respect, "A store called Lawson" would be "Lawson to iu konbini."
Yesterday, I saw the movie called "Dreams."
Kinou, "Yume" to iu eiga wo mita.
Today, I met a dog named Beau.
Beau to iu inu to atta.
----------
4. To become
Okay... I'm not entirely sure what Nakao means by putting this one on the sheet... I'm not sure if we learned an extra form using naru, but by itself, as he's written it on the study sheet, it just means to become. The reason I'm confused is because I learned this long before I ever took the course. :/
Well... it means to become...
I became a teacher.
Kyoushi ni narimashita.
He's becoming a man.
Otoko ni natteiru.
You ni narimasu means to become able to do something
Fugu wo tabereru you ni narimashita.
I became able to eat blowfish.
Kanji wo kakeru you ni narimashita.
I bacame able to write kanji.
I-adjective, ku narimasu, to have become that adjective.
Minikui koahiru wa utsukushiku narimashita.
The ugly duckling became beautiful.
Kanojo no musuko wa takaku narimashita.
Her son became tall.
Na-adjective, ni narimasu, to have become that adjective.
Yubiwa wa midori ni narimashita.
The ring turned green.
Senshuu, byouki ni narimashita.
I got sick, last week.
----------
5. Tari... Shimasu.
Okay... I don't ever remember actually learning this. I remember having to do this. But I don't remember learning it. So, I turned to Tim Takamatsu. :D He says...
"Add ri to verbs in the Ta Form to mention various actions where accuracy or detail isn't necessary. Structures which use two or more verbs are most common. Be sure to add a form of suru after the last one"
So, from what I gather, it's basically just making a long list. :P Past tense dictionary form plus ri after each one, and ending completely in some form of suru.
Yesterday, I went to school, came home, had dinner, had a bath and went to sleep.
Kinou, gakkou he ittari, kaettari, yuushoku wo tabetari, ofuro ni haittari, netari shimashita.
I think he took some medicine, ate some soup, drank some juice and slept a lot to get better.
Naoru tame ni, kare wa kusuri wo nondari, suupu wo tabetari, juusu wo nondari, yoku netari shita to omoimasu.
----------
6. Spend time doing
This is a simple form. To say that you spent time doing something, change your verb to te-form, and add "sugoshimasu."
I spend my free time drawing.
Hima ni, e wo kaite sugoshimasu.
I spent time, last week, making a doll.
Senshuu, ningyou wo tsukutte sugoshimashita.
----------
7. To be obsessed with
Another really easy form. If it's a verb, you have to make it a noun. Then, just add "ni necchuu" or "ni mucchuu" and desu or narimasu or shiteimasu... Well... On the first sheet, he wrote shiteimasu, but I did this on an essay, and he corrected it to desu... Then on this final exam sheet, he wrote narimasu, which I'd never seen before that way in my life... So... Who knows? Keep in mind, I'm still getting the degree. Don't take my word as law. :P
I'm obsessed with Park Hyo Shin
Park Hyo Shin ni mucchuu shiteimasu. <3
I'm obsessed with singing.
Utau koto ni necchuu desu.
----------
8. You to omoimasu
I have no idea what the hell he means by this either. You-form and the sentence structure for to omoimasu are two completely different things, independent of one another. While you can put them together, it seems like a really, very specific thing to study for an exam... And the weird thing is... On the sheet, "you" is in parentheses, implying that "to omoimasu" is the more important thing to study. But we learned this before the midterm exam. It was already tested on, and should already be known. So it seems like a weird thing to be studying. Well, being that I'm already very familiar with the form, I guess I'll just copy out the whole explanation of you-form out of my old entry, because I don't feel like rewriting it. And in all honesty, it's not that hard to begin with. It's just for consistancy. :P
You means to resemble something. "Ame no oto no you desu" means "It's like the sound of rain." Let me go over the different forms...
-You desu
This is used when something is resembling the noun itself.
His hands are like ice.
Kare no te wa koori no you desu.
It tastes like cake.
Keeki no aji no you desu.
-You na
This is used to express something that has a certain quality.
My devil of a dog is destroying the lawn.
Watashi no akuma no you na inu wa shibafu wo horoboshiteimasu.
That guy who looks like Keith Urban was talking to me today.
Ano Keith Urban no you na otoko wa kyou, watashi ni hanashiteimashita."
-You ni
This is used to express the way in which something is done.
He roundhouse kicked that guy like Chuck Norris.
Kare wa Chuck Norris no you ni ano otoko wo raundohausu kemashita.
We must become swift, like a river.
Kawa no binkatsu no you ni naranakereba narimasen.
----------
9. The best
To say someone is the best at something... You need to list the category of which this person comes in, have "no naka de," list the person, have "ga ichiban" and list if they're good or bad or what...
Park Hyo Shin is the best singer.
Kashu no naka de, Park Hyo Shin ga ichiban ii desu.
Cherries are the worst food.
Tabemono no naka de, sakuranbo ga ichiban mazui desu.
----------
10. Want someone to do something
To make this form, you need to put the person wanting this thing first, if not already implied. In the sentence, "The mom wanted the boy to clean his room," this would be the mom, "Okaasan wa." Then, the person that the sentence is aimed at, followed by ni: "Musuko ni." Then the action, cleaning the room, "heya wo souji suru." But this has to be in te-form, so we'll make it "heya wo souji shite." And at the end, to want, "Hoshikatta desu." "Okaasan wa musuko ni heya wo souji shite hoshikatta desu."
I want Park Hyo Shin to sing the song "Any Love"
Watashi wa Park Hyo Shin ni "Any Love to iu uta wo utatte hoshii desu.
I want the neighbors to turn off their lights.
Watashi wa tonari no hito ni denki wo keshite hoshii desu.
----------
11. Complete something for future convenience
This seemed like a really weird form, to me... I mean, it's useful, and all, but... Just strange. Anyway, you just change your verb to te-form, and add "aru."
I went to the bathroom before we left on vacation.
Ryokou no mae ni, toire wo tsukatte arimashita.
I studied all night, before my exam.
Shiken no mae ni, ichiyorujuu benkyou shite arimashita.
----------
12. Make/let someone do something
To change an U-verb to make this form, change last letter sound in dictionary form from U to A, and add "seru." Or, Take the "nai" off negative dictionary form, and add "seru."
Kiku -> Kikanai -> Kika -> Kikaseru
Suu -> Suwanai -> Suwa -> Suwaseru
Hanasu -> Hanasa -> Hanaseru
Tanoshimu -> Tanoshima -> Tanoshimaseru
For Ru-verbs, drop the ru, and add saseru.
Taberu -> Tabe -> Tabesaseru
Kakeru -> Kake -> Kakesaseru
Ireru -> Ire -> Iresaseru
Miru -> Mi -> Misaseru
Irregulars...
Suru -> Saseru
Kuru -> Kosaseru
To make this form, the person allowing the action to go on is indicated by "wa." The person made to do something is indicated by "ni." So, to say the sentence, "I made Susie hit Johnny." (because I'm evil like that >D) I'm the one making this go on. So it starts "Watashi wa." The person I'm making do this is Susie, so the next part is "Susie ni." What's taking place is Johnny getting hit, so the next last part of the sentence would be "Johnny wo Utaseru." "Watashi wa Susie ni Johnny wo utaseta."
The mother made her son eat his vegetables.
Okaasan wa musuko ni yasai wo tabesaseta.
The teacher made his students do lots of homework.
Kyoushi wa gakusei ni takusan shukudai wo saseta.
----------
Hai, owari de~su! <3 ^^
*edit* *edit *edit*
Okay, so, apparently, I skipped two of the topics on the sheet. I'll do those now...
----------
13. Hearsay
This is a form to indicate that you heard something. For verbs, use dictionary form. For nouns and na-adjectives, add da at the end. I-adjectives stay as they are. If these are in the stated forms, add "sou desu" to the end of them.
I heard that that guy is gay.
Ano otoko wa douseiaisha da sou desu.
I heard that Bichons are stupid.
Bichon wa atama ga warui sou desu.
I heard that it's going to rain today.
Kyou, ame ga furu sou desu.
This is not to be confused with the form that makes up "it seems that..." For that, verbs are in masu-form, minus masu, i-adjectives have the final "i" removed, na-adjectives minus the da, and I don't think this applies to nouns at all. For those, you add "sou desu. For nouns, I believe you add "mitai desu." Though, I could be wrong about "sou desu" not applying. I'm almost certain that mitai desu is correct, though.
It looks like it's going to rain.
Ame ga furisou desu.
----------
14. While doing
This is a form to indicate that you're doing something while doing something else as well. It's simple. You take the masu off a masu-form verb, add nagara and add on the next sentence.
I can whistle while drinking.
Watashi wa nominagara, kuchibue wo fukeru.
I was singing while I was driving home.
Uchi he unten shinagara, utatteita.
----------
Hai, ima, owari desu. ^^