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Elaina Morra March 5, 2006
Mr. Ciavara Chapter 17
Vocab
1. Biomass energy- renewable as long as wood supplies are not harvested faster than they are replenished.
2. Nonrenewable- obtained from the earth’s crust, primarily carbon-containing fossil fuels- oil, natural gas, and coal.
3. Net Energy- the usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of a resource.
4. Petro-chemicals- some products of oil distillation. Also they’re used as raw materials in manufacturing pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and many other products.
5. ANWR- The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge contains more than one-fifth of all land in the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System.
6. Oil Sand- mixture of clay, sand, water, and a combustible organic material called bitumen, which is a thick and sticky heavy oil with high sulfur content and that smells like asphalt.
7. Natural Gas- mixture of 50-90% by volume of methane, the simplest hydrocarbon.
8. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) - at a very low temperature natural gas can be converted to this.
9. Anthracite Coal-most desirable type of coal because of its high heat content and low sulfur content.
10. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) - solid coal can be converted to this with coal gasification.
11. Coal Liquefaction- can convert solid coal into a liquid fuel such as methanol or synthetic gasoline.
12. Light Water Reactor- produce about 85% of the world’s nuclear-generated electricity. The core contains 35,000- 70,000 long, this fuel rods, each packed with fuel pallets.
13. High Level Radioactive Waste- produced by nuclear energy, and gives off large amounts of harmful ionizing radiation for a short time and small amounts for a long time.
14. Low Level Radioactive Waste- gives off small amounts of ionizing radiation and must be stored safely for 100-500 years before decaying to safe levels.
15. Breeder Nuclear Reactor- generate more nuclear fuel than they consume by converting non-fissionable uranium -238 into fissionable plutonium-239.
16. Nuclear Fusion- nuclear change in which 2 nuclei isptopes of elements with a low mass number are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus.
17. Fuelwood Shortage- people in developing countries faced with a shortage of fuelwood because of unsustainable harvesting of it.
18. High Quality Energy- available from a given quantity of a resource.
19. Crude Oil- a thick gooey liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons along with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.
20. OPEC- Consisting of 11 countries that have 78% of the world’s estimated crude oil reserves.
21. Global Oil Reserves-
22. Oil Shale- fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons (kerogen).
23. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - when a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as this.
24. Bituminous Coal- gooey, black, high-sulfur, heavy oil extracted from tar sand and then upgraded to synthetic fuel oil.
25. Strip Mining- used to extract coal found close to the earth’s surface on flat terrain.
26. Coal Gasification- by this solid coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas.
27. Synfuels- synthetic gaseous and liquid fuels produced from solid coal or sources other than natural gas or crude oil.
28. Nuclear Fuel Cycle- uses energy and costs money. Contains a bunch of steps.
29. Nuclear Fission- nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers as split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron.
30. Meltdown- the melting of the core of a nuclear reactor.
31. Yucca Mountain- a disputable site of whether or not high-level nuclear wastes should be stored underground in the Yucca Mountains, Nevada.
32. Kerogen- a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons.
Mr. Ciavara Chapter 17
Vocab
1. Biomass energy- renewable as long as wood supplies are not harvested faster than they are replenished.
2. Nonrenewable- obtained from the earth’s crust, primarily carbon-containing fossil fuels- oil, natural gas, and coal.
3. Net Energy- the usable amount of high-quality energy available from a given quantity of a resource.
4. Petro-chemicals- some products of oil distillation. Also they’re used as raw materials in manufacturing pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and many other products.
5. ANWR- The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge contains more than one-fifth of all land in the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System.
6. Oil Sand- mixture of clay, sand, water, and a combustible organic material called bitumen, which is a thick and sticky heavy oil with high sulfur content and that smells like asphalt.
7. Natural Gas- mixture of 50-90% by volume of methane, the simplest hydrocarbon.
8. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) - at a very low temperature natural gas can be converted to this.
9. Anthracite Coal-most desirable type of coal because of its high heat content and low sulfur content.
10. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) - solid coal can be converted to this with coal gasification.
11. Coal Liquefaction- can convert solid coal into a liquid fuel such as methanol or synthetic gasoline.
12. Light Water Reactor- produce about 85% of the world’s nuclear-generated electricity. The core contains 35,000- 70,000 long, this fuel rods, each packed with fuel pallets.
13. High Level Radioactive Waste- produced by nuclear energy, and gives off large amounts of harmful ionizing radiation for a short time and small amounts for a long time.
14. Low Level Radioactive Waste- gives off small amounts of ionizing radiation and must be stored safely for 100-500 years before decaying to safe levels.
15. Breeder Nuclear Reactor- generate more nuclear fuel than they consume by converting non-fissionable uranium -238 into fissionable plutonium-239.
16. Nuclear Fusion- nuclear change in which 2 nuclei isptopes of elements with a low mass number are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus.
17. Fuelwood Shortage- people in developing countries faced with a shortage of fuelwood because of unsustainable harvesting of it.
18. High Quality Energy- available from a given quantity of a resource.
19. Crude Oil- a thick gooey liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons along with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.
20. OPEC- Consisting of 11 countries that have 78% of the world’s estimated crude oil reserves.
21. Global Oil Reserves-
22. Oil Shale- fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons (kerogen).
23. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - when a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as this.
24. Bituminous Coal- gooey, black, high-sulfur, heavy oil extracted from tar sand and then upgraded to synthetic fuel oil.
25. Strip Mining- used to extract coal found close to the earth’s surface on flat terrain.
26. Coal Gasification- by this solid coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas.
27. Synfuels- synthetic gaseous and liquid fuels produced from solid coal or sources other than natural gas or crude oil.
28. Nuclear Fuel Cycle- uses energy and costs money. Contains a bunch of steps.
29. Nuclear Fission- nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers as split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron.
30. Meltdown- the melting of the core of a nuclear reactor.
31. Yucca Mountain- a disputable site of whether or not high-level nuclear wastes should be stored underground in the Yucca Mountains, Nevada.
32. Kerogen- a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons.