I don't know whether this stylistic practice originated on Tumblr, but that and AO3 are where I see it the most: an alphabet soup of things like accent marks, dingbats, and characters foreign to the language of the context to convey a pictorial impression of swirling miasma of chaos--either alone or interspersed with conventional lettering as embellishment.
A sample, from
Grandmaster of Meme-onic Cultivation (in English) by Hades_the_Blingking on AO3; this is the name of a chatroom frequented by the undead who haunt an ancient charnel pit:
#҉̸̛̹͇̜̰͎̟̺̯͈͕̫͢%̶͕̳̲̠͍̖̼͍͎̞̥͙̹̩͘͘^̶̛̱͔̙̥͘&̶̰͉̙̭̯̤̥̹̥͇͘ͅ*҉̼͔̜̖̼͙̹̝̕U̢̞͎͙̳̦̤̟̜͇͚̼͔̙̲̹͡͞ͅH̷͉̼̮̗͚̬̺͔̩̞͇̥̞̕͢H̴̡̢̛͓͔̩̥̳͖̞̰̠͖̳̰̭̰͍̭͍͜J̷̡̨̢̟̫͙͓̞͙͍̭̯̗̠̙̬̺̖͈͍̪g̸̮̖̭͙͠j̨͡͡҉̳͇̥̖̹̳̟̼̭͕̟͈͖͖̜̗͓,҉̯̥̙͖͔̘̳̝̜̖̣̱̳͢i͠҉̲̺̲͇͚͓̟ͅų̶̧̫͕̦̬̥̝͔͝y̶̛̤̥͙̠̭͔̺u̧̻̦̫̩͘͞7͠͏̼̝̫̪̫͕͇̟͢5̵̯͍̯̪̤̤̺͎̼̖͔̺͙͚̻e͓̟͇̟̖͓̩̺̦̝̜͎̰̩͡r̹͈̩̗͕͚͍̗̹̩̤͓͟͟t̢̠̬̯̙͉̠̬̖͈̣̪͙͇̗͍ͅͅͅ%҉̴̯͍̘͓̘̭̼̯̕^̧͉͉̦̺̲͎̦̟̯̖̰̥̫̖̱̻̩͖̭͝&̵͞͏̰̝̟̱̭̹̭̺͓̘̟͇̯̺̲̼͈*̸̸͎͚͚̱ͅ ]
I found the term "Illustrative typography"--I'm presuming this is a subgenre--on Fanlore, but I'm looking for a name for this specific use thereof. I also checked "Text Tropes" on TV Tropes; I don't think it's quite
Interface Screw. (Note to the mods: a couple tags that might be useful to add are "fandom" and--now that they're a completed period--"2010s".)
ETA (1/14/2020):
sidleypkhermit has identified this convention as "glitch text", sometimes known more specifically as "Zalgo text" (after a series of Something Awful memes involving a baby eldritch demon who goes around corrupting innocuous things like classic children's comic strips.) An online Zalgo Text modifier can be found here:
https://zalgo.org/