Bees on strike? desaparecidos?
from der Spiegel in Germany --
SPIEGEL ONLINE - March 22, 2007, 06:21 PM
http://www.spiegel. de/international /spiegel/ 0,1518,473166, 00.html
COLLAPSING COLONIES
Are GM Crops Killing Bees?
By Gunther Latsch
A mysterious decimation of bee populations has German beekeepers
worried, while a similar phenomenon in the United States is
gradually assuming catastrophic proportions. The consequences for
agriculture and the economy could be enormous.
Walter Haefeker is a man who is used to painting grim scenarios. He
sits on the board of directors of the German Beekeepers Association
(DBIB) and is vice president of the European Professional Beekeepers
Association. And because griping is part of a lobbyist's trade, it
is practically his professional duty to warn that "the very
existence of beekeeping is at stake."
The problem, says Haefeker, has a number of causes, one being the
varroa mite, introduced from Asia, and another is the widespread
practice in agriculture of spraying wildflowers with herbicides and
practicing monoculture. Another possible cause, according to
Haefeker, is the controversial and growing use of genetic
engineering in agriculture.
As far back as 2005, Haefeker ended an article he contributed to the
journal Der Kritischer Agrarbericht (Critical Agricultural Report)
with an Albert Einstein quote: "If the bee disappeared off the
surface of the globe then man would only have four years of life
left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more
animals, no more man."
Mysterious events in recent months have suddenly made Einstein's
apocalyptic vision seem all the more topical. For unknown reasons,
bee populations throughout Germany are disappearing -- something
that is so far only harming beekeepers. But the situation is
different in the United States, where bees are dying in such
dramatic numbers that the economic consequences could soon be dire.
No one knows what is causing the bees to perish, but some experts
believe that the large-scale use of genetically modified plants in
the US could be a factor.
Felix Kriechbaum, an official with a regional beekeepers'
association in Bavaria, recently reported a decline of almost 12
percent in local bee populations. When "bee populations disappear
without a trace," says Kriechbaum, it is difficult to investigate
the causes, because "most bees don't die in the beehive." There are
many diseases that can cause bees to lose their sense of orientation
so they can no longer find their way back to their hives.
Manfred Hederer, the president of the German Beekeepers Association,
almost simultaneously reported a 25 percent drop in bee populations
throughout Germany. In isolated cases, says Hederer, declines of up
to 80 percent have been reported. He speculates that "a particular
toxin, some agent with which we are not familiar," is killing the
bees.
Politicians, until now, have shown little concern for such warnings
or the woes of beekeepers. Although apiarists have been given a
chance to make their case -- for example in the run-up to the German
cabinet's approval of a genetic engineering policy document by
Minister of Agriculture Horst Seehofer in February -- their
complaints are still largely ignored.
Even when beekeepers actually go to court, as they recently did in a
joint effort with the German chapter of the organic farming
organization Demeter International and other groups to oppose the
use of genetically modified corn plants, they can only dream of the
sort of media attention environmental organizations like Greenpeace
attract with their protests at test sites.
But that could soon change. Since last November, the US has seen a
decline in bee populations so dramatic that it eclipses all previous
incidences of mass mortality. Beekeepers on the east coast of the
United States complain that they have lost more than 70 percent of
their stock since late last year, while the west coast has seen a
decline of up to 60 percent.
In an article in its business section in late February, the New York
Times calculated the damage US agriculture would suffer if bees died
out. Experts at Cornell University in upstate New York have
estimated the value bees generate -- by pollinating fruit and
vegetable plants, almond trees and animal feed like clover -- at
more than $14 billion.
Scientists call the mysterious phenomenon "Colony Collapse Disorder"
(CCD), and it is fast turning into a national catastrophe of sorts.
A number of universities and government agencies have formed a "CCD
Working Group" to search for the causes of the calamity, but have so
far come up empty-handed. But, like Dennis vanEngelsdorp, an
apiarist with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, they are
already referring to the problem as a potential "AIDS for the bee
industry."
One thing is certain: Millions of bees have simply vanished. In most
cases, all that's left in the hives are the doomed offspring. But
dead bees are nowhere to be found -- neither in nor anywhere close
to the hives. Diana Cox-Foster, a member of the CCD Working Group,
told The Independent that researchers were "extremely alarmed,"
adding that the crisis "has the potential to devastate the US
beekeeping industry."
It is particularly worrisome, she said, that the bees' death is
accompanied by a set of symptoms "which does not seem to match
anything in the literature."
In many cases, scientists have found evidence of almost all known
bee viruses in the few surviving bees found in the hives after most
have disappeared. Some had five or six infections at the same time
and were infested with fungi -- a sign, experts say, that the
insects' immune system may have collapsed.
The scientists are also surprised that bees and other insects
usually leave the abandoned hives untouched. Nearby bee populations
or parasites would normally raid the honey and pollen stores of
colonies that have died for other reasons, such as excessive winter
cold. "This suggests that there is something toxic in the colony
itself which is repelling them," says Cox-Foster.
Walter Haefeker, the German beekeeping official, speculates that
"besides a number of other factors," the fact that genetically
modified, insect-resistant plants are now used in 40 percent of
cornfields in the United States could be playing a role. The figure
is much lower in Germany -- only 0.06 percent -- and most of that
occurs in the eastern states of Mecklenburg- Western Pomerania and
Brandenburg. Haefeker recently sent a researcher at the CCD Working
Group some data from a bee study that he has long felt shows a
possible connection between genetic engineering and diseases in
bees.
The study in question is a small research project conducted at the
University of Jena from 2001 to 2004. The researchers examined the
effects of pollen from a genetically modified maize variant called
"Bt corn" on bees. A gene from a soil bacterium had been inserted
into the corn that enabled the plant to produce an agent that is
toxic to insect pests. The study concluded that there was no
evidence of a "toxic effect of Bt corn on healthy honeybee
populations. " But when, by sheer chance, the bees used in the
experiments were infested with a parasite, something eerie happened.
According to the Jena study, a "significantly stronger decline in
the number of bees" occurred among the insects that had been fed a
highly concentrated Bt poison feed.
According to Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, a professor at the University of
Halle in eastern Germany and the director of the study, the
bacterial toxin in the genetically modified corn may have "altered
the surface of the bee's intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees
to allow the parasites to gain entry -- or perhaps it was the other
way around. We don't know."
Of course, the concentration of the toxin was ten times higher in
the experiments than in normal Bt corn pollen. In addition, the bee
feed was administered over a relatively lengthy six-week period.
Kaatz would have preferred to continue studying the phenomenon but
lacked the necessary funding. "Those who have the money are not
interested in this sort of research," says the professor, "and those
who are interested don't have the money."
SPIEGEL ONLINE - March 22, 2007, 06:21 PM
http://www.spiegel. de/international /spiegel/ 0,1518,473166, 00.html
COLLAPSING COLONIES
Are GM Crops Killing Bees?
By Gunther Latsch
A mysterious decimation of bee populations has German beekeepers
worried, while a similar phenomenon in the United States is
gradually assuming catastrophic proportions. The consequences for
agriculture and the economy could be enormous.
Walter Haefeker is a man who is used to painting grim scenarios. He
sits on the board of directors of the German Beekeepers Association
(DBIB) and is vice president of the European Professional Beekeepers
Association. And because griping is part of a lobbyist's trade, it
is practically his professional duty to warn that "the very
existence of beekeeping is at stake."
The problem, says Haefeker, has a number of causes, one being the
varroa mite, introduced from Asia, and another is the widespread
practice in agriculture of spraying wildflowers with herbicides and
practicing monoculture. Another possible cause, according to
Haefeker, is the controversial and growing use of genetic
engineering in agriculture.
As far back as 2005, Haefeker ended an article he contributed to the
journal Der Kritischer Agrarbericht (Critical Agricultural Report)
with an Albert Einstein quote: "If the bee disappeared off the
surface of the globe then man would only have four years of life
left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more
animals, no more man."
Mysterious events in recent months have suddenly made Einstein's
apocalyptic vision seem all the more topical. For unknown reasons,
bee populations throughout Germany are disappearing -- something
that is so far only harming beekeepers. But the situation is
different in the United States, where bees are dying in such
dramatic numbers that the economic consequences could soon be dire.
No one knows what is causing the bees to perish, but some experts
believe that the large-scale use of genetically modified plants in
the US could be a factor.
Felix Kriechbaum, an official with a regional beekeepers'
association in Bavaria, recently reported a decline of almost 12
percent in local bee populations. When "bee populations disappear
without a trace," says Kriechbaum, it is difficult to investigate
the causes, because "most bees don't die in the beehive." There are
many diseases that can cause bees to lose their sense of orientation
so they can no longer find their way back to their hives.
Manfred Hederer, the president of the German Beekeepers Association,
almost simultaneously reported a 25 percent drop in bee populations
throughout Germany. In isolated cases, says Hederer, declines of up
to 80 percent have been reported. He speculates that "a particular
toxin, some agent with which we are not familiar," is killing the
bees.
Politicians, until now, have shown little concern for such warnings
or the woes of beekeepers. Although apiarists have been given a
chance to make their case -- for example in the run-up to the German
cabinet's approval of a genetic engineering policy document by
Minister of Agriculture Horst Seehofer in February -- their
complaints are still largely ignored.
Even when beekeepers actually go to court, as they recently did in a
joint effort with the German chapter of the organic farming
organization Demeter International and other groups to oppose the
use of genetically modified corn plants, they can only dream of the
sort of media attention environmental organizations like Greenpeace
attract with their protests at test sites.
But that could soon change. Since last November, the US has seen a
decline in bee populations so dramatic that it eclipses all previous
incidences of mass mortality. Beekeepers on the east coast of the
United States complain that they have lost more than 70 percent of
their stock since late last year, while the west coast has seen a
decline of up to 60 percent.
In an article in its business section in late February, the New York
Times calculated the damage US agriculture would suffer if bees died
out. Experts at Cornell University in upstate New York have
estimated the value bees generate -- by pollinating fruit and
vegetable plants, almond trees and animal feed like clover -- at
more than $14 billion.
Scientists call the mysterious phenomenon "Colony Collapse Disorder"
(CCD), and it is fast turning into a national catastrophe of sorts.
A number of universities and government agencies have formed a "CCD
Working Group" to search for the causes of the calamity, but have so
far come up empty-handed. But, like Dennis vanEngelsdorp, an
apiarist with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, they are
already referring to the problem as a potential "AIDS for the bee
industry."
One thing is certain: Millions of bees have simply vanished. In most
cases, all that's left in the hives are the doomed offspring. But
dead bees are nowhere to be found -- neither in nor anywhere close
to the hives. Diana Cox-Foster, a member of the CCD Working Group,
told The Independent that researchers were "extremely alarmed,"
adding that the crisis "has the potential to devastate the US
beekeeping industry."
It is particularly worrisome, she said, that the bees' death is
accompanied by a set of symptoms "which does not seem to match
anything in the literature."
In many cases, scientists have found evidence of almost all known
bee viruses in the few surviving bees found in the hives after most
have disappeared. Some had five or six infections at the same time
and were infested with fungi -- a sign, experts say, that the
insects' immune system may have collapsed.
The scientists are also surprised that bees and other insects
usually leave the abandoned hives untouched. Nearby bee populations
or parasites would normally raid the honey and pollen stores of
colonies that have died for other reasons, such as excessive winter
cold. "This suggests that there is something toxic in the colony
itself which is repelling them," says Cox-Foster.
Walter Haefeker, the German beekeeping official, speculates that
"besides a number of other factors," the fact that genetically
modified, insect-resistant plants are now used in 40 percent of
cornfields in the United States could be playing a role. The figure
is much lower in Germany -- only 0.06 percent -- and most of that
occurs in the eastern states of Mecklenburg- Western Pomerania and
Brandenburg. Haefeker recently sent a researcher at the CCD Working
Group some data from a bee study that he has long felt shows a
possible connection between genetic engineering and diseases in
bees.
The study in question is a small research project conducted at the
University of Jena from 2001 to 2004. The researchers examined the
effects of pollen from a genetically modified maize variant called
"Bt corn" on bees. A gene from a soil bacterium had been inserted
into the corn that enabled the plant to produce an agent that is
toxic to insect pests. The study concluded that there was no
evidence of a "toxic effect of Bt corn on healthy honeybee
populations. " But when, by sheer chance, the bees used in the
experiments were infested with a parasite, something eerie happened.
According to the Jena study, a "significantly stronger decline in
the number of bees" occurred among the insects that had been fed a
highly concentrated Bt poison feed.
According to Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, a professor at the University of
Halle in eastern Germany and the director of the study, the
bacterial toxin in the genetically modified corn may have "altered
the surface of the bee's intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees
to allow the parasites to gain entry -- or perhaps it was the other
way around. We don't know."
Of course, the concentration of the toxin was ten times higher in
the experiments than in normal Bt corn pollen. In addition, the bee
feed was administered over a relatively lengthy six-week period.
Kaatz would have preferred to continue studying the phenomenon but
lacked the necessary funding. "Those who have the money are not
interested in this sort of research," says the professor, "and those
who are interested don't have the money."