Psych Notes - Memory
Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit - conscious use of memory (searching for info)
Implicit - unconscious use of memory (riding a bike)
THREE-STAGES MODEL OF MEMORY
Sensory, short term, long term
Sensory memory - visual, audio - stores brief sensory impressions
Short term - holds information, but limited capacity and duration abt 30 secs)
Long term - supposedly permanent storage of memories
Chunking - group info into units. - easier to remember
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL - produces a weak transfer into LTM
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL - Forming associations, or mental connections between information in STM to info already in LTM
WORKING MEMORY MODEL - SERIAL VS PARALLEL
- processes different aspects of memory simultaneously
- working memory can access info from STM and LTM
Baddeley's Central Executive Model of Working Memory
Central exec component intergrates visual info (visuo-spatial sketch pad) and auditory information (phonological loop)
Long-Term Memory: Permanent Storage
Capacity - Limitless?
Problems with LTM - memory lost
Encoding - Semantic
- stores general meaning rather than sensory detail 9word meanings, etc)
Organization
- Store in organized fashion or risk retrieval failure
- Schemata - generalized knowledge structure eg. person schema, event scheme (script)
LTM - Declarative (facts, explicit) and Procedural (skill, often implicit)
Amnesia
RETROGRADE - Cannot remember things before accident
ANTEROGRADE - have difficulty learning new things
Forgetting
- Information not encoded at all or not encoded properly.
- Information not used frequently enough/ memory trace not activated periodically - neurons degrade over time - Decay Theory
Retrieval
Act of moving info into LTM into working memory/consciousness
Interference Theory - other information blocks retrieval (like when learning a third lang.)
Proactive Interference - older info inhibits ability to retrieve newer info
Retroactive interference - the other fucking way round.
Cue Dependent Forgetting - cannot retrieve info in context different from the context in which it was encoded.
Encoding Specificity Principle - encode aspects of learning context to use as memory cues. (like environment)
Repression - push or repress emotionally threatening events into unconsciousness
IS MEMORY ACCURATE?
Flashbulb memory
- unsually detailed and seemingly accurate memory of emotionally charged events
- may be inaccurate as stress hormones act on the amygdala to block out accurate info
- Modifying questions affect evaluation of eyewitness
- "creation" of false memory
- Unreliable eyewitness.
- can be manipulated
Assignment 3: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
MANIPULATION AND CONTROL OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. Examine a particular psychological issues within a specialization of psychology.
Explicit - conscious use of memory (searching for info)
Implicit - unconscious use of memory (riding a bike)
THREE-STAGES MODEL OF MEMORY
Sensory, short term, long term
Sensory memory - visual, audio - stores brief sensory impressions
Short term - holds information, but limited capacity and duration abt 30 secs)
Long term - supposedly permanent storage of memories
Chunking - group info into units. - easier to remember
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL - produces a weak transfer into LTM
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL - Forming associations, or mental connections between information in STM to info already in LTM
WORKING MEMORY MODEL - SERIAL VS PARALLEL
- processes different aspects of memory simultaneously
- working memory can access info from STM and LTM
Baddeley's Central Executive Model of Working Memory
Central exec component intergrates visual info (visuo-spatial sketch pad) and auditory information (phonological loop)
Long-Term Memory: Permanent Storage
Capacity - Limitless?
Problems with LTM - memory lost
Encoding - Semantic
- stores general meaning rather than sensory detail 9word meanings, etc)
Organization
- Store in organized fashion or risk retrieval failure
- Schemata - generalized knowledge structure eg. person schema, event scheme (script)
LTM - Declarative (facts, explicit) and Procedural (skill, often implicit)
Amnesia
RETROGRADE - Cannot remember things before accident
ANTEROGRADE - have difficulty learning new things
Forgetting
- Information not encoded at all or not encoded properly.
- Information not used frequently enough/ memory trace not activated periodically - neurons degrade over time - Decay Theory
Retrieval
Act of moving info into LTM into working memory/consciousness
Interference Theory - other information blocks retrieval (like when learning a third lang.)
Proactive Interference - older info inhibits ability to retrieve newer info
Retroactive interference - the other fucking way round.
Cue Dependent Forgetting - cannot retrieve info in context different from the context in which it was encoded.
Encoding Specificity Principle - encode aspects of learning context to use as memory cues. (like environment)
Repression - push or repress emotionally threatening events into unconsciousness
IS MEMORY ACCURATE?
Flashbulb memory
- unsually detailed and seemingly accurate memory of emotionally charged events
- may be inaccurate as stress hormones act on the amygdala to block out accurate info
- Modifying questions affect evaluation of eyewitness
- "creation" of false memory
- Unreliable eyewitness.
- can be manipulated
Assignment 3: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
MANIPULATION AND CONTROL OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. Examine a particular psychological issues within a specialization of psychology.