по разные стороны стола
Рост респондента около 180 см. Жилистый, абсолютно прямая осанка, военная выправка, атлетический в целом вид. Лысоват, носит сильные очки. Ровные белые зубы. Одевается аккуратно, предпочитает клетчатые рубашки без галстука. Часто носит военные ботинки. В общении с другими людьми сохраняет достоинство и соблюдает дистанцию. Он не боится улыбаться и
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The almost incredible bureaucratization of Soviet planning is evidenced by two frequently encountered examples. In one case, a plan for the production of ball bearings had to go through so many agencies for approval that a staggering (literally) total of 430 pounds of documents was generated.22 In another instance, one “autonomous” Republic, the Tatar ASSR, had its investment plan changed almost five hundred times in 1961.23 Under these conditions, the task of enterprise management would be impossible if it were not for some ingenious (and often illegal) solutions worked out by factory managers.
The basic solution has been the creation of a vast network of “independent” supplies - a black market. This is the phenomenon known informally as “blat.” Joseph S. Berliner, in his valuable study, Factory and Manager in the USSR (1957), has described this process. Since supply channels are often exasperatingly slow and frequently deliver the wrong or inferior goods, managers must turn to alternative sources of inputs if their production quotas are to be met (and their bonuses and promotions received). For example, a plant may have a surplus in any given year; this, in turn, is probably due to the fact that the manager overstated his supply needs and understated his plant’s productive capacity in the previous year, when the central plans were drawn up. These additional goods may be traded to some other firm for some future service or present luxury from that firm. This aids not only those smaller firms that are on a lower priority list for supplies, but it also helps the high priority industries. during periods of crisis?24 Certain “middlemen” with informal connections are employed, usually under a bogus administrative title, as the agents for the blat operations. They are “pushers” whose activities. coordinate the underground facilities of supply and demand. They are called tolkatchi. Some firms employ only part-time tolkatchi, especially the smaller ones. In recent years, the government has wisely removed the criminal sanctions that were once imposed upon such activities of unauthorized exchange or resale of supplies. In addition to this softening, the procedures for obtaining official authorization to purchase extra supplies have been eased?’25 The state planners have, in effect, recognized the necessity of these “capitalistic” practices. Production goals are sometimes more important than official ideology. These practices go on as long as the conditions of inefficient production and distribution remain. As Berliner says, “The tolkatch thrives in an economic soil watered by shortages and fertilized by unrealistic targets."26
Mises.Org Quotes, Monday, February 11, 2013
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If I have not fulfilled my plan, the supply section of the chemical plant will begin to worry and will send an expeditor to me who will try to get me
to send him my pipe, instead of sending it to some other chemical plant. Suppose three tolkatchi come to me. Who gets the pipe first will depend on who is the most important firm. If it is a choice between a soap factory or a military factory then the latter will got it. Usually the director himself decides. If there is a quarrel the ministry or even the party will he called in.
(Does vziatka even play a role?) He. Because these people have everything they want.
(Does blat?) Blat does play a role. This means connection. In his plants this does not happen. There there is better discipline and order. But in middle sized plants you can have it.
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Ну если серьезно, там интервью 5-6, где эта терминология встречается, и Берлинер, конечно, в своей книге эту информацию и использовал.
Собственно практически все "гарвардцы" написали по книге на основании "своих" интервью.
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И гомосексуалист:
www.mitin.com/people/mogutin/klimov.shtml
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