Jerem, The Celts in the east
The Celts in the east: Iron Age archaeology in the Carpathian basin
Dr Elisabeth Jerem, IEMA lecture - Wednesday, 1 April, 2009, 5-6 pm, MFAC 355
Lecture Notes.
(biehl pronounces it: kar-pah-shehn beh-sihn)
cool pictures in the powerpoint
paper passed around = archaeolingua adverstiment
overview:
-burial customs
-regional differences
-horse and chariot burials
-characteristic types of finds
-the effect of long-distance trade
-cultural and ethnic components
motorway excavations:
found 700 new sites
new large-scale settlement excavations south from lake balaton
houses, pits with structured deposits, wells, kilns
riverside settlements from NE Hungary
hillforts and barrows
map - sites where tumulus cemeteries and fortified hilltop settlements are connected. Differences due to diverse geographical setting and chronological situation
site: Zalaszántó-Tátika
3D map of Burgstall - shows alignment of barrows along the trackway and the double fortification system built in different periods.
Sopron-Burgstall
159 burial mounds dating from the 8th-6th centuries BC
grave 73
Grave 215
Grave 131
Classification of graves, structures of graves
Grave finds from sopron-burgstall
-four pots mushed together
-animal-head vessel (looks like camel; opening to jar is top of hump)
-chalice
-idol? Like a horse with heads at both ends, with 6 legs. The ‘head’ doesn’t look like a head
Reconstructed iron age house of sopron-burgstall
Cool diagrams
Sites: Ság-hegy and Somló-hegy
These sites overlook the landscape; had industrial character
Site: Tihany-Ovár
Hillfort at Tihany had a unique function controlling the port and ferry transfer over lake Balaton.
Hallstatt barrows were excavated in the last century
Site: Nagyberki-Szalacska
A significantly higher number of barrows could be identified
Site: Pécs-Jakabhegy
Aerial photos help analyze the landscape, especially in finding late Iron Age fortifications
Graves with dromos
-Vaskeresztes
-Kleinklein
-Fehérvárcsurgó
site: Sutto (u with 2 dots, o with “)
One of the best excavated and latest Hallstatt barrow with dromos having an excellent topographical setting close to the Danube
Site: Százhalombatta
Close to the Danube
Intensive landscape surveys going on
Using comparison of aerial photography and contour map, to compare the numbers of barrows
Site: Százhalombatta
Different rites and grave architecture are related to each chronological horizon within the hallstatt period
Graves 114, 117, 115
Multimedia center in the old burial????????
Distribution and typology
At the end of the 7th and beginning of 6th century BC, burial customs and constructional principles were every similar, only the orientation varied in different areas
Iron age hillforts along the amber road
Ferto-hanság national park and the archaeological sites in the sopron area, (NW hungary)
The disturbing and robbing of graves
Picture: grave 26, grave 28
Sopron Krautacker
Grave structures
Graves were often covered w/ stones or the pit was lined with stones as a burial chamber. On other places postholes were observed that imply wooden structures, while other wooden remains refer to coffins
Double or multiple burials, special rites
Cremation burials
Pictures of pot sherds
Food and drink offerings
Pigs dominated food-offerings (86%) in the celtic cemeteries of the Carpathian basin. There is definite evidence for food preparation and cut-off pattern. Heads had been split to extract brain and tongue.
Graves - ½ for meat, other half for ceremony (???????)
So-called ‘pig graves’ - no human bones in grave, only pig bones, but same sort of grave goods as you’d expect for humans
Fruits and vegetables as grave goods
All kinds of seeds were recovered through wet sieving and they refer to nutrition facts. Fruit was given to high ranking persons.
Grapes were cultivated from the late bronze age onwards but clear evidence for drinking wine goes back to the bronze age.
The latest hallstatt phase
Pictures: scattered cremation grave 4; double burial 3a; oberndorf 121
In addition to armlets and amulets, neckrings and high variety of beads appear as well as different types of fibulae
The velem fibulae
Map of distribution of velem fibulae
This type of fibulae is important…..
3 transdanubian workshops: velem, saghegy and keszthely, where the small arch-shaped fibula were made
new finds are important; NE Hungary, proof that fibulae were being traded, long-distance
grave 29 at sopron-krautacker
necklaces of glass, amber, cowrie shells
pannonian astragalus-shaped bronze decorated belts
the recently discovered tolna-mozs cemetery offers new information on pannonian population
early LT child burial at Pilismarót-Basaharc
amber, coral, glass beads
distribution types of beads and the distribution of the Curug type fibula
map
transition to the LTA period
the typical weapon is the spear, and the appearance of the shield can also be dated to this period.
The development of ‘horn-handled’ cups and the southern relations
Horn-handled cups can be traced back to SE alpine hallstatt culture. the forms and decorations are similar to LTA period
The migration and settling of celts in the 4th century BC
Map
Sopron-krautacker
Preservation of the earliest celtic pottern kiln and the planned on-site presentation
After samples were taken for various scientific analyses, the structure was preserved and reburied
A variety of stamped pots
S- and meander-stamps
Patterns in metalwork and ceramics are so similar that smiths and potters likely worked in close contact, may have used the same tools / pattern templates
Horse burials
Economic and religious role of horses
Beheading of horses, ritual deposition of horse skulls in graves and settlements
Pictures of ritual graves and animal sacrifice within the settlement
Deer sacrifice and ritual deposit
Gellert Hill
Oppidum at Gellert Hill, was a good location, was center of Eraviscus tribe
Fortifications along the danube; secured the defence of transdanubia, ensure communication, showed signs of urbanization
Attire
Female figures on tombstones, show people in traditional attire
Men - roman dress, women - celtic dress. Roman soldiers married local women
Spring shrine of aquincum
Altars are often dedicated to healing gods
Shrine existed before roman occupation
Site continuity, into roman period
14 wellhouses constructed above the springs
IOM teutanus and the celtic feasts
the ides of june celebration
gods and sanctuaries
roman gods
summary
-burial customs - continuity and change
-horse burials and frequent in specific region only
-jewelry suggest connections w/ southern regions
-migration from west-east direction
-other points….
Dr Elisabeth Jerem, IEMA lecture - Wednesday, 1 April, 2009, 5-6 pm, MFAC 355
Lecture Notes.
(biehl pronounces it: kar-pah-shehn beh-sihn)
cool pictures in the powerpoint
paper passed around = archaeolingua adverstiment
overview:
-burial customs
-regional differences
-horse and chariot burials
-characteristic types of finds
-the effect of long-distance trade
-cultural and ethnic components
motorway excavations:
found 700 new sites
new large-scale settlement excavations south from lake balaton
houses, pits with structured deposits, wells, kilns
riverside settlements from NE Hungary
hillforts and barrows
map - sites where tumulus cemeteries and fortified hilltop settlements are connected. Differences due to diverse geographical setting and chronological situation
site: Zalaszántó-Tátika
3D map of Burgstall - shows alignment of barrows along the trackway and the double fortification system built in different periods.
Sopron-Burgstall
159 burial mounds dating from the 8th-6th centuries BC
grave 73
Grave 215
Grave 131
Classification of graves, structures of graves
Grave finds from sopron-burgstall
-four pots mushed together
-animal-head vessel (looks like camel; opening to jar is top of hump)
-chalice
-idol? Like a horse with heads at both ends, with 6 legs. The ‘head’ doesn’t look like a head
Reconstructed iron age house of sopron-burgstall
Cool diagrams
Sites: Ság-hegy and Somló-hegy
These sites overlook the landscape; had industrial character
Site: Tihany-Ovár
Hillfort at Tihany had a unique function controlling the port and ferry transfer over lake Balaton.
Hallstatt barrows were excavated in the last century
Site: Nagyberki-Szalacska
A significantly higher number of barrows could be identified
Site: Pécs-Jakabhegy
Aerial photos help analyze the landscape, especially in finding late Iron Age fortifications
Graves with dromos
-Vaskeresztes
-Kleinklein
-Fehérvárcsurgó
site: Sutto (u with 2 dots, o with “)
One of the best excavated and latest Hallstatt barrow with dromos having an excellent topographical setting close to the Danube
Site: Százhalombatta
Close to the Danube
Intensive landscape surveys going on
Using comparison of aerial photography and contour map, to compare the numbers of barrows
Site: Százhalombatta
Different rites and grave architecture are related to each chronological horizon within the hallstatt period
Graves 114, 117, 115
Multimedia center in the old burial????????
Distribution and typology
At the end of the 7th and beginning of 6th century BC, burial customs and constructional principles were every similar, only the orientation varied in different areas
Iron age hillforts along the amber road
Ferto-hanság national park and the archaeological sites in the sopron area, (NW hungary)
The disturbing and robbing of graves
Picture: grave 26, grave 28
Sopron Krautacker
Grave structures
Graves were often covered w/ stones or the pit was lined with stones as a burial chamber. On other places postholes were observed that imply wooden structures, while other wooden remains refer to coffins
Double or multiple burials, special rites
Cremation burials
Pictures of pot sherds
Food and drink offerings
Pigs dominated food-offerings (86%) in the celtic cemeteries of the Carpathian basin. There is definite evidence for food preparation and cut-off pattern. Heads had been split to extract brain and tongue.
Graves - ½ for meat, other half for ceremony (???????)
So-called ‘pig graves’ - no human bones in grave, only pig bones, but same sort of grave goods as you’d expect for humans
Fruits and vegetables as grave goods
All kinds of seeds were recovered through wet sieving and they refer to nutrition facts. Fruit was given to high ranking persons.
Grapes were cultivated from the late bronze age onwards but clear evidence for drinking wine goes back to the bronze age.
The latest hallstatt phase
Pictures: scattered cremation grave 4; double burial 3a; oberndorf 121
In addition to armlets and amulets, neckrings and high variety of beads appear as well as different types of fibulae
The velem fibulae
Map of distribution of velem fibulae
This type of fibulae is important…..
3 transdanubian workshops: velem, saghegy and keszthely, where the small arch-shaped fibula were made
new finds are important; NE Hungary, proof that fibulae were being traded, long-distance
grave 29 at sopron-krautacker
necklaces of glass, amber, cowrie shells
pannonian astragalus-shaped bronze decorated belts
the recently discovered tolna-mozs cemetery offers new information on pannonian population
early LT child burial at Pilismarót-Basaharc
amber, coral, glass beads
distribution types of beads and the distribution of the Curug type fibula
map
transition to the LTA period
the typical weapon is the spear, and the appearance of the shield can also be dated to this period.
The development of ‘horn-handled’ cups and the southern relations
Horn-handled cups can be traced back to SE alpine hallstatt culture. the forms and decorations are similar to LTA period
The migration and settling of celts in the 4th century BC
Map
Sopron-krautacker
Preservation of the earliest celtic pottern kiln and the planned on-site presentation
After samples were taken for various scientific analyses, the structure was preserved and reburied
A variety of stamped pots
S- and meander-stamps
Patterns in metalwork and ceramics are so similar that smiths and potters likely worked in close contact, may have used the same tools / pattern templates
Horse burials
Economic and religious role of horses
Beheading of horses, ritual deposition of horse skulls in graves and settlements
Pictures of ritual graves and animal sacrifice within the settlement
Deer sacrifice and ritual deposit
Gellert Hill
Oppidum at Gellert Hill, was a good location, was center of Eraviscus tribe
Fortifications along the danube; secured the defence of transdanubia, ensure communication, showed signs of urbanization
Attire
Female figures on tombstones, show people in traditional attire
Men - roman dress, women - celtic dress. Roman soldiers married local women
Spring shrine of aquincum
Altars are often dedicated to healing gods
Shrine existed before roman occupation
Site continuity, into roman period
14 wellhouses constructed above the springs
IOM teutanus and the celtic feasts
the ides of june celebration
gods and sanctuaries
roman gods
summary
-burial customs - continuity and change
-horse burials and frequent in specific region only
-jewelry suggest connections w/ southern regions
-migration from west-east direction
-other points….