wikipedia.org: Total
Total (рус.)
Total S.A. (рус. Тота́ль) (Euronext: FP, NYSE: TOT, ISE:TOT) - французская нефтегазовая компания, четвертая по объему добычи в мире после Royal Dutch Shell, BP и ExxonMobil. Штаб-квартира расположена в Париже.
Компания была основана в 1924 году под названием Compagnie française des pétroles, название Total появилось в 1985 году. После поглощения бельгийской компании Petrofina в 1999 году получила название Total Fina. Затем, в 2000 году, после слияния с французской Elf Aquitaine, получила название TotalFinaElf. С 2003 года компании было возвращено название Total.
Председатель совета директоров - Тьерри Демаре (Thierry Desmarest). Главный управляющий - Кристоф де Маржери (Christophe de Margerie).
Компания ведет операции более чем в 130 странах мира; в компании работает 111 000 сотрудников. Добыча нефти и газа достигает 2,6 млн баррелей нефтяного эквивалента в сутки (около 130 млн т в год), запасы оцениваются в 11,1 млрд баррелей нефтяного эквивалента (около 1,5 млрд т).
Помимо добычи, компания осуществляет нефтепереработку и владеет сетью АЗС, а также владеет рядом предприятий химической индустрии, а также в других отраслях. Также имеет ряд дочерних компаний (например, Bostik).
Совокупная численность персонала компании - 112,9 тыс. человек (2005 год). Выручка в 2005 году составила 143,2 млрд евро (в 2004-122 млрд евро), чистая прибыль - 12,3 млрд евро (10,9 млрд евро). Рыночная капитализация на 27 февраля 2006 года - 126,1 млрд евро.
Total в России
С 1999 года Total ведёт добычу нефти в России на условиях соглашения о разделе продукции (СРП) на Харьягинском нефтяном месторождении (Ненецкий автономный округ, поселок Харьяга) с запасами 97 млн т. Доля Total в этом проекте составляет 50 %, норвежской Hydro - 40 %, у Ненецкой нефтяной компании - 10 %. Оператором проекта является принадлежащая Total компания «Тоталь Разведка Разработка Россия».
Предполагается, что за 33 года действия СРП на месторождении будет добыто 45 млн т нефти. В проект уже инвестировано $450 млн и требуется еще $800 млн.
Total наряду с некоторыми другими международными нефтегазовыми компаниями претендовала на участие (совместно с «Газпромом») в проекте освоения Штокмановского газового месторождения в Баренцевом море, но «Газпром» в 2006 году объявил, что сам будет недропользователем месторождения.
12 июля 2007 года после телефонного разговора президента России Владимира Путина и президента Франции Николя Саркози было объявлено, что партнёром «Газпрома» в освоении Штокмана все же будет Total. Она получит 25 % в компании - операторе Штокмана, но еще 24 % могут достаться и другому иностранному партнеру. Полагают, что это решение было вызвано резким улучшением отношений России и Франции после избрания Николя Саркози на пост президента Франции.
В начале марта 2011 года было объявлено о создании стратегического альянса между Total и российской газовой компанией «Новатэк». В рамках альянса Total приобрела у нынешних акционеров 12,0869 % акций российской компании и получила опцион на увеличение своей доли до 19,4 % в течение трёх лет. Предполагается, что французы станут стратегическим партнёром «Новатэка» в проекте «Ямал СПГ».
Total (англ.)
Revenue €166.55 billion (2011)
Operating income €24.98 billion (2011)
Profit €12.27 billion (2011)
Total assets €164.04 billion (2011)
Total equity €68.03 billion (2011)
Employees 92,855 (2011)
The company was founded after World War I after the French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected the idea of forming a partnership with Royal Dutch Shell in favour of creating an entirely French oil company. At Poincaré's behest, Col. Ernest Mercier enlisted the support of ninety banks and companies to found Total on 28 March 1924, as the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP), literally the "French Petroleum Company". Petroleum was seen as vital in the case of a new war with Germany. However, the company was from the start a private sector company (it was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange for the first time in 1929). CFP took up the 23.75% share of Deutsche Bank in the Turkish Petroleum Company (renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company), awarded to France as compensation for war damages caused by Germany during World War I by the San Remo conference.
In 1991 the company name became simply Total. After Total's takeover of Petrofina in 1999, it became known as Total Fina. Afterwards it also acquired Elf Aquitaine. First named TotalFinaElf after the merger in 2000, it was later renamed back to Total in May 2003.
Controversies
Myanmar investments
Despite the European Union's sanctions against the military dictatorship Myanmar, Total is able to operate the Yadana natural gas pipeline from Burma to Thailand. Total is currently the subject of a lawsuit in French and Belgian courts for the condoning and use of the country's civilian slavery to construct the pipeline. The documentary 'Total Denial' shows the background of this project. The NGO Burma Campaign UK is currently[when?] campaigning against this project.
Italian bribes (Итальянские взятки)
On 16 December 2008, the managing director of the Italian division of Total Lionel Levha, along with ten other executives, was arrested by the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Potenza, Italy, for a corruption charge of €15 million to undertake the oilfield in Basilicata on contract. Also arrested was the local deputy of Partito Democratico Salvatore Margiotta and an Italian entrepreneur.
UN Oil-for-Food Programme for Iraq
In April 2010, Total was accused of bribing Iraqi officials during former dictator Saddam Hussein's regime to secure oil supplies. A United Nations report later revealed that Iraqi officials had received bribes from oil companies to secure contracts worth over $10bn (£6.5bn).
Investments in Iran
Total has been a significant investor in the Iranian energy sector since 1990. Total is suspected of concealing the source of its oil imports from Iran. On 28 June 2010 Total announced that it would cease shipments of oil products to Iran following adoption by the United States of economic sanctions against the country.
Western Sahara oil exploration
In October 2001, Total signed a contract for oil-reconnaissance in areas offshore Western Sahara (near Dakhla), with the "Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d’Exploitations Petrolières" (ONAREP). In January 2002, Hans Corell (the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs) stated in a letter to the President of the Security Council that whenever the contracts are only for exploration they're not illegal, but if further exploration or exploitation are against the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law. Finally, Total decided to not renew their license off Western Sahara
Elf Aquitaine
Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company which merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003.
History
Elf Aquitaine's heritage is rooted among three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). These companies were formed to exploit the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP were merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP). ERAP had SNPA, Union Générale des Pétroles (UGP), and Union Industrielle des Pétroles (UIP) as subsidiaries. The resulting company achieved vertical integration, owning assets in all phases of the petrol business from exploration and production to the filling station.
On April 28, 1967 the company's disparate brands and products were unified under the Elf brand, Essence et Lubrifiants de France (France Gasoline and Lubricants). Elf was the first company to pioneer a total synthetic racing oil. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA), later Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 1993 Elf was awarded the exclusive contract to the Iraqi Oil Fields by then-Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein.[citation needed] In 1996 the French government sold its stake, retaining a Golden Share. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf, which changed its name to Total in 2003.
Hoax (Мошенничество)
Elf Aquitaine spent millions of dollars in the 1979 Great Oil Sniffer Hoax to develop a new "gravity wave-based oil detection system", which was later revealed to be a scam, and lost over $150 million.
Fraud scandal (мошенничество, обман)
The Elf scandal which came to light in 1994 in France was according to The Guardian, 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favours, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, at that time rumoured to be among the ten richest men of Britain, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions. Auchi was also linked to the Clearstream scandal. He is BNP Paribas bank's main private share-holder; and until 2001, the money for the Oil-for-Food programme transited through the escrow account of BNP Paribas. Magistrate Eva Joly investigated the case. In the Leuna/Minol deal following German reunification, Elf Aquitaine took over circa 2,500 vacated gas station allottments in the former East Germany without paying the rightful owners.
Petrofina
Petrofina was a Belgian oil company which merged with Total in 1999 to form TotalFina, but the name has now been changed back to Total after another merger. In the United States, Fina's former refining and marketing operations are now owned by Texas-based Alon USA.
Petrofina was founded February 25, 1920 by Hector Carlier his brother Fernand and Aloys Van de Vyvere as an Antwerp-based group called Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles, but changed to PetroFina to reflect their telegraph address name.
Petrofina's Canadian retail operations in eastern Canada were sold to the Canadian government and became part of Petro Canada.
Petrofina expanded its operations to the United States in 1956 with the purchase of Texas-based Panhandle Oil Company, which was headquartered in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the firm operated an oil refinery and marketed gasoline through service stations in Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. American Petrofina, as the United States operation was called, further expanded its presence in the US through the purchase of several small oil companies, the largest being the Cosden Oil Company from W.R. Grace in 1963, which gave FINA a very large chain of service stations in Texas and New Mexico along with an oil refinery in Big Spring, Texas.
Total S.A. (рус. Тота́ль) (Euronext: FP, NYSE: TOT, ISE:TOT) - французская нефтегазовая компания, четвертая по объему добычи в мире после Royal Dutch Shell, BP и ExxonMobil. Штаб-квартира расположена в Париже.
Компания была основана в 1924 году под названием Compagnie française des pétroles, название Total появилось в 1985 году. После поглощения бельгийской компании Petrofina в 1999 году получила название Total Fina. Затем, в 2000 году, после слияния с французской Elf Aquitaine, получила название TotalFinaElf. С 2003 года компании было возвращено название Total.
Председатель совета директоров - Тьерри Демаре (Thierry Desmarest). Главный управляющий - Кристоф де Маржери (Christophe de Margerie).
Компания ведет операции более чем в 130 странах мира; в компании работает 111 000 сотрудников. Добыча нефти и газа достигает 2,6 млн баррелей нефтяного эквивалента в сутки (около 130 млн т в год), запасы оцениваются в 11,1 млрд баррелей нефтяного эквивалента (около 1,5 млрд т).
Помимо добычи, компания осуществляет нефтепереработку и владеет сетью АЗС, а также владеет рядом предприятий химической индустрии, а также в других отраслях. Также имеет ряд дочерних компаний (например, Bostik).
Совокупная численность персонала компании - 112,9 тыс. человек (2005 год). Выручка в 2005 году составила 143,2 млрд евро (в 2004-122 млрд евро), чистая прибыль - 12,3 млрд евро (10,9 млрд евро). Рыночная капитализация на 27 февраля 2006 года - 126,1 млрд евро.
Total в России
С 1999 года Total ведёт добычу нефти в России на условиях соглашения о разделе продукции (СРП) на Харьягинском нефтяном месторождении (Ненецкий автономный округ, поселок Харьяга) с запасами 97 млн т. Доля Total в этом проекте составляет 50 %, норвежской Hydro - 40 %, у Ненецкой нефтяной компании - 10 %. Оператором проекта является принадлежащая Total компания «Тоталь Разведка Разработка Россия».
Предполагается, что за 33 года действия СРП на месторождении будет добыто 45 млн т нефти. В проект уже инвестировано $450 млн и требуется еще $800 млн.
Total наряду с некоторыми другими международными нефтегазовыми компаниями претендовала на участие (совместно с «Газпромом») в проекте освоения Штокмановского газового месторождения в Баренцевом море, но «Газпром» в 2006 году объявил, что сам будет недропользователем месторождения.
12 июля 2007 года после телефонного разговора президента России Владимира Путина и президента Франции Николя Саркози было объявлено, что партнёром «Газпрома» в освоении Штокмана все же будет Total. Она получит 25 % в компании - операторе Штокмана, но еще 24 % могут достаться и другому иностранному партнеру. Полагают, что это решение было вызвано резким улучшением отношений России и Франции после избрания Николя Саркози на пост президента Франции.
В начале марта 2011 года было объявлено о создании стратегического альянса между Total и российской газовой компанией «Новатэк». В рамках альянса Total приобрела у нынешних акционеров 12,0869 % акций российской компании и получила опцион на увеличение своей доли до 19,4 % в течение трёх лет. Предполагается, что французы станут стратегическим партнёром «Новатэка» в проекте «Ямал СПГ».
Total (англ.)
Revenue €166.55 billion (2011)
Operating income €24.98 billion (2011)
Profit €12.27 billion (2011)
Total assets €164.04 billion (2011)
Total equity €68.03 billion (2011)
Employees 92,855 (2011)
The company was founded after World War I after the French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected the idea of forming a partnership with Royal Dutch Shell in favour of creating an entirely French oil company. At Poincaré's behest, Col. Ernest Mercier enlisted the support of ninety banks and companies to found Total on 28 March 1924, as the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP), literally the "French Petroleum Company". Petroleum was seen as vital in the case of a new war with Germany. However, the company was from the start a private sector company (it was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange for the first time in 1929). CFP took up the 23.75% share of Deutsche Bank in the Turkish Petroleum Company (renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company), awarded to France as compensation for war damages caused by Germany during World War I by the San Remo conference.
In 1991 the company name became simply Total. After Total's takeover of Petrofina in 1999, it became known as Total Fina. Afterwards it also acquired Elf Aquitaine. First named TotalFinaElf after the merger in 2000, it was later renamed back to Total in May 2003.
Controversies
Myanmar investments
Despite the European Union's sanctions against the military dictatorship Myanmar, Total is able to operate the Yadana natural gas pipeline from Burma to Thailand. Total is currently the subject of a lawsuit in French and Belgian courts for the condoning and use of the country's civilian slavery to construct the pipeline. The documentary 'Total Denial' shows the background of this project. The NGO Burma Campaign UK is currently[when?] campaigning against this project.
Italian bribes (Итальянские взятки)
On 16 December 2008, the managing director of the Italian division of Total Lionel Levha, along with ten other executives, was arrested by the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Potenza, Italy, for a corruption charge of €15 million to undertake the oilfield in Basilicata on contract. Also arrested was the local deputy of Partito Democratico Salvatore Margiotta and an Italian entrepreneur.
UN Oil-for-Food Programme for Iraq
In April 2010, Total was accused of bribing Iraqi officials during former dictator Saddam Hussein's regime to secure oil supplies. A United Nations report later revealed that Iraqi officials had received bribes from oil companies to secure contracts worth over $10bn (£6.5bn).
Investments in Iran
Total has been a significant investor in the Iranian energy sector since 1990. Total is suspected of concealing the source of its oil imports from Iran. On 28 June 2010 Total announced that it would cease shipments of oil products to Iran following adoption by the United States of economic sanctions against the country.
Western Sahara oil exploration
In October 2001, Total signed a contract for oil-reconnaissance in areas offshore Western Sahara (near Dakhla), with the "Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d’Exploitations Petrolières" (ONAREP). In January 2002, Hans Corell (the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs) stated in a letter to the President of the Security Council that whenever the contracts are only for exploration they're not illegal, but if further exploration or exploitation are against the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law. Finally, Total decided to not renew their license off Western Sahara
Elf Aquitaine
Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company which merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003.
History
Elf Aquitaine's heritage is rooted among three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). These companies were formed to exploit the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP were merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP). ERAP had SNPA, Union Générale des Pétroles (UGP), and Union Industrielle des Pétroles (UIP) as subsidiaries. The resulting company achieved vertical integration, owning assets in all phases of the petrol business from exploration and production to the filling station.
On April 28, 1967 the company's disparate brands and products were unified under the Elf brand, Essence et Lubrifiants de France (France Gasoline and Lubricants). Elf was the first company to pioneer a total synthetic racing oil. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA), later Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 1993 Elf was awarded the exclusive contract to the Iraqi Oil Fields by then-Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein.[citation needed] In 1996 the French government sold its stake, retaining a Golden Share. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf, which changed its name to Total in 2003.
Hoax (Мошенничество)
Elf Aquitaine spent millions of dollars in the 1979 Great Oil Sniffer Hoax to develop a new "gravity wave-based oil detection system", which was later revealed to be a scam, and lost over $150 million.
Fraud scandal (мошенничество, обман)
The Elf scandal which came to light in 1994 in France was according to The Guardian, 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favours, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, at that time rumoured to be among the ten richest men of Britain, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions. Auchi was also linked to the Clearstream scandal. He is BNP Paribas bank's main private share-holder; and until 2001, the money for the Oil-for-Food programme transited through the escrow account of BNP Paribas. Magistrate Eva Joly investigated the case. In the Leuna/Minol deal following German reunification, Elf Aquitaine took over circa 2,500 vacated gas station allottments in the former East Germany without paying the rightful owners.
Petrofina
Petrofina was a Belgian oil company which merged with Total in 1999 to form TotalFina, but the name has now been changed back to Total after another merger. In the United States, Fina's former refining and marketing operations are now owned by Texas-based Alon USA.
Petrofina was founded February 25, 1920 by Hector Carlier his brother Fernand and Aloys Van de Vyvere as an Antwerp-based group called Compagnie Financière Belge des Pétroles, but changed to PetroFina to reflect their telegraph address name.
Petrofina's Canadian retail operations in eastern Canada were sold to the Canadian government and became part of Petro Canada.
Petrofina expanded its operations to the United States in 1956 with the purchase of Texas-based Panhandle Oil Company, which was headquartered in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the firm operated an oil refinery and marketed gasoline through service stations in Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. American Petrofina, as the United States operation was called, further expanded its presence in the US through the purchase of several small oil companies, the largest being the Cosden Oil Company from W.R. Grace in 1963, which gave FINA a very large chain of service stations in Texas and New Mexico along with an oil refinery in Big Spring, Texas.