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https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/2015/07/03/can-you-trust-your-dentist/
3 JULY, 2015 BY MARCELLO LEONARD MAZZA
Please read this post before you consider the convenience of carrying out ANY dental treatment and before you choose the dentist who should carry it out. This post may save your life.
A negligent dental treatment that I underwent two years ago caused -within 24 hours- the onset of Cervical Dystonia. That dentists was just performing the procedures and applying the teachings that he had learned at Dental School.
Since none of the dentists I resorted to could fix my occlusion after that negligent treatment, I started my own research.
And I am now sharing some conclusions, facts and thoughts that resulted from this research.
Dental School Teachings are Not Science
It is difficult to respect the teachings of Dental School as science when I consulted and asked questions to 20 eminent professors of different schools of occlusion who professed (with great personal and epistemic arrogance, as if they were God given absolute Truths) concepts that are antithetic.
Do not mind the technical terms that follow. At this stage, I only wish to let you appreciate how the KEY ISSUE of dental occlusion - where and how the mandible and teeth close - is open to completley opposite OPINIONS:
1) “Teeth have to close in Centric Relation”
as opposed to
“Centric Relation does not exist”
2) “Koiss deprogrammers to establish where the mouth should close are a heap of BS”
3) “Centric Occlusion has to coincide with Centric Relation”
as opposed to
“Centric Relation and Centric Occlusion have to be completely different.”
4) “The curve of Spee has to be flat”
As opposed to
“The curve of Spee has to be steep”
The above are textual quotes of words that eminent professors of different occlusion “schools of thought” spoke to me. Those different schools of thought with opposing views on key issues define themselves: Gnatologists, Functionalist, Gerber, Organic, Mio-Functional Rehabilitators, Koiss… it goes on…
Much of modern dentistry ia based on myths and opinions that have no empirical evidence or contradict common sense, nature (healthy mouths that have never been touched by a dentists) and a great body of research an scientific evidence.
First Do No Harm
The most frightening conclusion of my research is that the principle of “first do no harm to the patient” is absolutely absent from modern Dental School teaching.
Most dentists will arrogantly profess as God given absolute Truths some principles which are - at best - open to debate. They will act upon those principles, carrying out irreversible procedures in your mouth.
Many dentists will happily drill their way through irreversible damage to your teeth based on concepts and principles that are WRONG, dangerous myths with no empirical evidence or at best- open to debate.
Run for the Door
Whenever you hear a dentist profess one of the following “dogmas,” as God given absolute Truths, we suggest to head for the door of the clinic as fast as possible. The dentist has no clue and is dangerous to let him touch your mouth. His ignorance is proportional to his arrogance.
Absolutely and dangerously wrong:
“Teeth have to occlude with vertical forces.”
Natural mouths (i.e. the ones which have never been touched by a dentists) present contacts between antagonistic teeth of the opposing dental arches that have many directions, be it vertical, lateral, diagonal, torsion or torque.
Look at the two pictures to realize that the force that teeth accommodate when the mandible presses against the skull may or may not be vertical. And you may become a top NBA basketball athlete with non-vertical forces in your mouth.
In my case, the elimination of all non-vertical contacts by a dentist with a drill resulted in a collapsed occlusion (picture on the left) that triggers dystonic symptoms. The use of a dental splint to reestablish diagonal, lateral and torque contacts between the dental arches (picture on the right) results in discontinuance of all dystonic symptoms.
The wrong paradigm of “vertical forces only” is all - pervasive in dental practice and leads to the fallacies that I describe next.
Absolutely and dangerously wrong:
“Contacts between teeth that shift the mandible sideways when the mouth is closing should be eliminated. They are prematurities and interference.”
Those lateral deflecting contacts are present in natural mouths and have a purpose: they articulate through the teeth a sideways and rotational movement of the mandible. The movement is necessary and of the utmost importance for it aligns the axis of the plane of occlusion with the axis of the cervical spine and the skull by ROTATING the mandible around its axis.
These deflecting contacts on teeth articulate a sideways and rotational shift of the mandible that is technically defined “Bennet Movement.” The Bennet movement is a sideways shift of one condyle while the other condyle stays almost fixed. The following picture gives you an idea of this necessary and important movement.
Most importantly, those deflecting dental contacts are fundamental, necessary and present in natural mouths because they articulate a movement of the jaw between TWO positions of the mouth as it closes: from the position of the jaw when the first contact between teeth occur to the one where the mouth is fully closed (and muscles of the masticatory system fully contracted).
Absolutely and dangerously wrong:
“The correct occlusion has the mouth closed in Centric Relation (or Centric Occlusion or Miofuntional Balance or Koiss Deprogrammer or any other SINGLE position arbitrary chosen by a dentist).”
Natural mouths (i.e. never touched by a dentist) have a natural movement between TWO very specific positions when the mouth closes:
- First contact. Sometimes called “Centric Occlusal Relation” (dental pseudo-science has controversy even about names and definitions). It is basically the position of the mandible that we use to chew . As you can appreciate in the picture below, the mandible in this position works as a pair of “Chinese chopsticks,” or, technically, as a class 3 lever.
- Maximum Intercuspation (called by some dentists also “Centric Occlusion”) It is the position that the mandible assumes when you close your mouth completely, reaching maximum pressure between your dental arches. This is the position that the mandible assumes when you swallow. In this position the mandible produces orthopedic forces in a very different way. Technically, it works as a class 1 lever machine. If a dental treatment “breaks” this bio-mechanical lever, the result is a collapse of the skull that lacks proper support on the dental arches. (Read our post on the Molar Lever to understand how it works)
Movement between these TWO positions is articulated by the molar teeth and can be forward, lateral, rotational and torque. If the teeth do not distribute force evenly during this movement, the tempo-mandibular joint (TMJ) suffers.
If the occlusion has been vandalized by butcher-dentists who thinks that there has to be only one position with vertical forces to close the mouth, the result is what dentists call “Tempo-mandibular Joint Disfunction” (TMD) and “Bruxism,” collapsed occlusion, disfunctional bite and impaired molar lever effect to support the skull.
In conclusion: The bio-mechanics of the jaw movement are based on TWO positions and the movement between them.
Absolutely wrong and dangerous:
“We have to make a model of your mouth in an articulator”
Most dentists will maintain that it is necessary to build prosthetics and occlusal splints using a model of your teeth mounted on an device called an articulator. They will charge you for an expensive “study” of your mouth.
The reality is that articulators are imprecise, over-simplified models that mis-understand and miss-reproduce the mechanics of the movements of the mandible. They simply don’t work.
Specifically, they do not reproduce diagonal, rotational and torque forces between teeth or the Bennet Movement (mentioned above).
Moreover, the use of the articulator is based on the obviously wrong postulate that the only force that moves the mandible is vertical gravity. It is obvious that the strongest force that moves the jaw is produced by the muscles, and its direction depends on where the muscles are attached to the skull and mandible. That affects the direction of the forces and point of contact between teeth when the mouth closes
If that was not enough, articulators have a fixed “hinge” relation between the head of the condyles (the attachment of the mandible to the skull), while the tempo-mandibular joint (TMJ) is NOT a “hinge.” The TMJ is, at best, an ellipsoidal joint that can rotate and assume different positions that transfer force in any direction to the skull.
Up until 30 years ago, most dentists used “fully adjustable” articulators. Nowadays, 99% of dentists use “semi-adjustable” articulators. Dental pseudo-science goes backwards with time.
Some dentist who practice Orthognathic surgery have such blind faith in the articulator model of occlusion that they are willing to cut bones, completely remove whole dental arches, mandibles and maxillas and reposition them in a position that fits the articulator model - and hold them in place with screws or plates. I have personally not met a single person who underwent this obscenely traumatic surgery who says that he would recommend it or would do it again.
In my case - in an experiment that can be easily replicated by any dentist or patient - once I started building my own dental splints solidifying self curing resin on a base lower splint directly in my mouth, I could achieve occlusal stability in a matter of one hour, where top experts had failed using an articulator during months.
In conclusion: studies on articulators are wrong, imprecise, expensive, useless and dangerous.
Absolutely wrong and tautologic:
You are a bruxist
Patients (and sadly most dentist) may think that “bruxism” is a well defined, scientificly researched condition or desease (like pneumonia or the flu). It isn’t. The definition of “bruxism” by dental schools is tautologic.
A tautologic definition is one that uses formal logic, but is redundant and self fulfilling. For example: “A sunny day is a day when the sun is in the sky.”
By definition, if the false and oversimplified theories and myths of occlusion described above create instability in a patient’s mouth, it is because he is a “bruxist.” Please note that dental schools know that their oversimplified model does not work on a significant number of patient’s mouths.
The “Functionalist” school of occlusion goes even further in its nonsense: any activity of the mandible that does not fit its extremly narrow and over-simplified model of dental occlusion is labeled as “para-function,” a term reminiscent of paranormal phenomena from a bad episode of the “Twilight Zone” TV show.
The reality is that “Bruxism” is caused by a dental trauma (usually originated or aggravated by a dentist) that has caused dental occlusion to collapse from TWO positions to ONE position.
The autonomous (involuntary) nervous system will try to find a different, second position where teeth have grip to allow a stable contraction of all muscles to carry out the act of swallowing.
We swallow about 3000 times a day. During sleep, this involuntary reflex is triggered once every minute.
As we saw before, the acts of chewing and swallowing are carried out in natural mouths (i.e. never touched by a dentist) in TWO very different positions. And that happens because the mandible works biomechanical in TWO very different ways in those TWO positions.
Fortunately (isn’t that ironic), it is very easy to recover the swallowing position and be permanently cured of “bruxism”: just build your own dental splint solidifying self curing resin on a base lower splint directly in your mouth while you sit straight and close your mouth in the position that is produced by pronouncing the letter “E” or “O.” Those two positions force the muscles to stretch in a symmetric way, therefore pushing the mandible in the desired swallowing position.
Again, it would be very easy for any dentist or dental school to reproduce this splint-in-the-mouth experiment in a scientific way. But dentistry is not science.
In conclusion: “Bruxism” is caused by the absence of non vertical contacts (be it lateral, diagonal, torsion or torque) between antagonistic teeth of the opposing dental arches that provide a stable “grip” for the muscles to contact during the act of swallowing. Most of the times it is caused or aggravated by dentists who act upon the false belief that during chewing and swallow the teeth have to occlude in the same position.
Absolutely wrong and “criminal”:
“Wisdom teeth have to be removed because they are useless.”
Removing wisdom teeth condemns the patient to a collapsing skull, sooner or later in their lifetime.
The arrogance of considering that wisdom teeth serve no function because the dentist does not know or understand its function is overwhelming. Removing wisdom teeth acting upon ignorance is nothing short of “criminal”.
Extraction of wisdom teeth is a traumatic and irreversible removal of 2 cubic cms x 4 teeth of skeletal structure between the neck and the head.
Does anybody really think that removing 8-10 cubic cms of skeletal structure (considering ridge and bone reabsorption) where the skull and the mandible are connected to the cervical spine does not affect skull stability and support?
But, most importantly from a SCIENTIFIC point of view, can anybody PROVE that it has no negative effects?
Within the scientific method, “absence of evidence” of harm does not imply “evidence of absence” of harm.
Whenever scientists recommend a traumatic and irreversible medical procedure, THEY have to prove that it is not harmful.
Again. Dentistry is not science.
Regardless, the practical totality of orthodontic treatments start with wisdom teeth extractions.
The only reason why it is not evident to the general public that removal of wisdom teeth has extremely negative effects for skeletal and cranial stability is that the negative effects play out slowly, over the years. That makes it almost impossible to file a dental malpractice lawsuit.
Removal of wisdom teeth is probably the main cause that lies behind the epidemic of the need for knee and hip replacement surgery in the population over-70 years of age. More research on this correlation is due.
Absolutely wrong and a lie:
“There is no relation between posture, verticality of the spine, symmetry of the body and dental occlusion.”
There is overwhelming evidence, academic and scientific practical research and experimental treatments on how to best modify posture and the skeletal structure by acting on dental occlusion. The whole field of orthodontics is based on orthopedic consequences of orthodontic treatments.
No dentist could ever tell you with a straight face that such relation does not exist. He would be lying and he would know that he is lying.
Regardless, I could experience first hand an “eminent professor,” who even writes a blog about dental occlusion, trying to tell me that such relation does not exist in order to sell an expensive and wrong dental treatment.
Conclusion
In this post, I have not even touched the subjects of implants and endodontic killing of dental nerves (root canals); which are extremely common and highly dangerous and controversial treatments -often unnecessary.
Beware!!!
It is healthy not to trust whatever comes out of a dentist’s mouth.
When you are told that you need a dental treatment, think twice and do your own research.
The final conclusion of this research is paradoxical:
The best dentist (and often the most expensive and with the longest waiting list) is the one who touches your teeth and mouth the least.
He has a healthy respect for the complexity of the mechanics of dental occlusion. He does not profess any arrogant God given absolute truth about anything. He understands RISK and SAFETY. He would never carry out irreversible procedures based on ANY opinion, belief or theory, even if it is recommended by a prestigious and empirically arrogant dental academic institution. He is aware that all sorts of nasty neurological syndromes and movement disorders can be triggered by dental treatments. He does not use the articulator and prefers to work and study directly in the patient’s mouth, with reversible diagnostic and conservative procedures. He knows that the correct position for dental occlusion is “wherever the mandible wants to go.” He has worked hard during years to be able to forget the teachings of dental school.
The first words that one of those extremely rare good dentist told me when he saw me were:
Look at this dental drill. This is your worst enemy.
A bit of advise for the patients:
Whenever the dentist wants to put in your mouth articulating paper (carbon copy paper that leaves black spots on your teeth), asks you to tap your teeth and takes the drill… stop him. There risk of that procedure producing irreversible damage far overweights the possible positive results. Please note that I am using the words “Risk” and “Safer.”
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/2016/01/05/protocol-for-the-treatment-of-cervical-dystonia/
Please be advised that the great majority of dentists (even self proclaimed experts in TMJ disfunction) do NOT have experience with this sort of neurological symptoms and skeletal imbalances and instability. They do NOT understand the relation between neurological symptoms, cranial collapse and dental occlusion.
That is due to the fact that traditional mainstream dental school teachings are based on an oversimplified model (the articulator model) that considers the skeletal relation of skull bones and cervical vertebrae as FIXED and INDEPENDENT of dental occlusion.
Most of the patients who present these symptoms are likely to have been diagnosed by a neurologist with a specific kind of neurological movement disorder (be it Dystonia, Tourette’s, Parkinson’s, etc…) and are likely to have received prescriptions for Botox injections to paralyze specific muscles, systemic antiepilieptic, antidepressant drugs and pain killers. Many may have varying levels of functional disability.
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/2015/09/01/principles-of-splint-therapy/
The great majority of dentists do NOT understand and have NO experience of complex occlusal issues, NOR the relationship between occlusion, posture, skull stability and neurological disorders.
The mainstream teachings of Dental Schools on some fundamental issues related to skull and upper cervical stability are WRONG. Please read this post for an in depth analysis of some of modern dentistries fallacies: Can you Trust your Dentist?
The mainstream protocols developed by neurologists for the treatment of Dystonia are based on biochemistry and not on biomechanics. They are targeted at managing and cronifying symptoms with systemic drugs and Botox injections, NOT at the treatment of the cause.
It is worth mentioning that - contrary to what many professionals think, believe and profess - there is great controversy and even OPPOSITE OPINIONS on fundamental issues related to occlusion between multiple occlusion schools and philosophy. Dentistry is not science.
The dominant model of occlusion preaches that the “correct” position of the mandible for occlusion is ONE specific and supposedly fixed skeletal position called Centric Relation, where the condyles work as a hinge in rotation and teeth occlude only with vertical contacts. Technically, you can call it the Semi-Adjustable Articulator in Centric Relation with Mutually Protected Occlusion model.
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/resources/
Resources
Winfred Mugge, Alexander G. Munts, Alfred C. Schouten, Frans C.T. van der Helm
“Modeling movement disorders-CRPS-related dystonia explained by abnormal propioceptive reflexes.” - Journal of Biomechanics: November 23, 2011
Anthony B. Sims, DDS and Mark S. Cooper, PhD
“Suppression of movement disorders by jaw realignment” Academic research paper with excellent bibliography by Anthony B. Sims, DDS, Private Practice, 8865 Stanford Blvd, Columbia, MD, USA; Mark S. Cooper, PhD, Department of Biology, University of Washington, , Seattle (WA), USA.
Starecta
Excellent insight on the biomechanical struccture of the masticatory system and how it works as a class 1 lever machine when the teeth interlock. He has developped “rectifiers,” intraoral appliances that are ment to stretch and allign the cervical spine, lift the skull and streighten body posture, taking advantage of lever mechanics.
Cure Dystonia Blog
One of the best sources of information to understand how Dystonia is caused and can be cured. It describes and explains the reaserch of Dr. Lee form Korea and the logic behind his treatment and documents the success it had in curing the Author’s Dystonia.
Dr. Young Jun Lee
Case Series of an Intraoral Balancing Appliance Therapy on Subjective Symptom Severity and Cervical Spine Alignment
A. Viswanath and S.M. Gordon
Two cases of oromandibular dystonia referred as temporomandibular joint disorder
The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice: “Tourette’s syndrome: a pilot study for the discontinuance of a movement disorder”
Tourette’s Syndrome is due to a structural deformity which manifests itself as a neurological problem. It is a structural-reflex disorder, and this pilot study of multiple cases shows how and why Tourette’s and its multiple co-morbid disorders can be discontinued with a device that requires no medicines or surgery called the Neurocranio Vertical Distractor (NCVD).
Dr. Dweight Jennings, DDS
Dr. Jenning’s from Alameda (California) carries out research and treatments that show and document how movement disorders as well as Parkinson’s responds to jaw alignment therapy in the majority of cases with substantial improvement in multiple aspects. This phenomenon and multiple case histories have been presented at multiple dental pain and orthodontic symposiums. Please see attached article for more detail on treatment of Parkinson’s with jaw orthopedics. A good article is also available on treatment of tourettes (tourette pdf) with jaw orthopedics.
Dr. Brendan Stack, DDS, MD
Dr. Stack is a university trained orthodontist who has been treating craniofacial pain and TMJ/TMD disorders since 1965. He also very successfully treats the abnormal head and face, neck and shoulder movement disorders associated with Tourette’s syndrome, Torticollis and Parkinson’s disease. His office is located halfway between Dulles International Airport and Washington Reagan Airport to accommodate the many national and international patients who seek his services.
Dr. Brendan Stack Treatment of Complex Neurological Syndroms with Dental Appliances
The FDA (US agency for the control and regulation of medocal prescription drugs and procedures) approves a clinical trial involving the use of a dental appliance for the treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome.
An article published on the journal Bone 1 confirms the finding of a team of French researchers that Botox injections cause bone loss in rats and permanent damage to the jaw bone and condyles.
http://www.tmj.org/site/page?pageId=327
Articles on the effect of bite on Brain Function:
Hard Food Suppresses Pain Propensity
Soft Feeding Inhibits Neurogenesis
Occlusion and Brain Function
Effect of Tooth Loss on Cholinergic Neurons
Effect on Chewing on Memory
Effect of Implants on Brain Function
Short Dental Arch and Brain Blood Flow
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPERS PUBBLISHED ON SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS - DIRECTLY DOWNLOADABLE
The published articles below strongly warrant further research into these areas:
1) Epidemiological, Large Population, Literature Review, and Meta-Analysis
Occlusal patterns in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, (2006).130(5), 629-633. Ben-Bassat, Y., Yitschaky, M., Kaplan, L., & Brin, I.
Scoliosis and dental occlusion: a review of the literature. Scoliosis, 6, 15. Saccucci, M., Tettamanti, L., Mummolo, S., Polimeni, A., Festa, F., & Tecco, S. (2011).
Clinical association between teeth malocclusions, wrong posture and ocular convergence disorders: an epidemiological investigation on primary school children. BMC pediatrics,(2013).13(1). Silvestrini-Biavati, A., Migliorati, M., Demarziani, E., Tecco, S., Silvestrini-Biavati, P., Polimeni, A., & Saccucci, M.
Co-ocurrence of the idiopathic scoliosis and the malocclusion- early results. Scoliosis (2012). Tyrakowski, M., Laskowska, M., Czubak, J., & Olczak-Kowalczyk, D. .
2) Oralsomatic System - Biomechanical / Musculoskeletal Structure and Posture
Effects of different jaw relations on postural stability in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 356(3), 228-230. Bracco, P., Deregibus, A., & Piscetta, R. (2004)
The relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 64(1), 61-66.Cuccia, A., & Caradonna, C. (2009).
Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Archives of Oral Biology, 55(9), 670-678. De Farias Neto, J. P., De Santana, J. M., De Santana-Filho, V. J., Quintans-Junior, L. J., De Lima Ferreira, A. P., & Bonjardim, L. R. (2010).
Forward head posture: Its structural and functional influence on the stomatognathic system, a conceptual study. Cranio, 14(1), 71-80. Gonzalez, H. E., & Manns, A. (1996).
Head posture and cervicovertebral and craniofacial morphology in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. Cranio : the journal of craniomandibular practice, 10(3), 173-177; discussion 178. Huggare, J. A., & Raustia, A. M. (1992).
Neuromuscular dentistry: Occlusal diseases and posture. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 3(3), 146-150. Khan, M. T., Verma, S. K., Maheshwari, S., Zahid, S. N., & Chaudhary, P. K. (2013).
The effects of manual therapy and exercise directed at the cervical spine on pain and pressure pain sensitivity in patients with myofascial temporomandibular disorders. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 36(9), 644-52. La Touche, R., Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Fernández-Carnero, J., Escalante, K., Angulo-Díaz-Parreño, S., Paris-Alemany, A., & Cleland, J. A. (2009).
Beziehungen zwischen kieferorthopädischen und orthopädischen Befunden, Manuelle Medizin, 38(6), 346-350. Lippold, C., Ehmer, U., & Bos, L. van den. (2000).
The effect of dental occlusal disturbances on the curvature of the vertebral spine in rats. Cranio®, 33(3), 217-227. Ramirez-Yanez, G. O., Mehta, L., & Mehta, N. R. (2015).
Head posture and malocclusions. European journal of orthodontics, 20(6), 685-693. Solow, B., & Sonnesen, L. (1998).
The effect of occlusal alteration and masticatory imbalance on the cervical spine. European Journal of Orthodontics, 25(5), 457-463. Shimazaki, T., Motoyoshi, M., Hosoi, K., & Namura, S. (2003).
Correlation between interdental occlusal plane and plantar arches. An EMG study. Bulletin du Groupement international pour la recherche scientifique en stomatologie & odontologie, 44(1), 10-13. Valentino, B., Melito, F., Aldi, B., & Valentino, T.
3) Oralsomatic System - Neurological
Occlusal-masticatory function and learning and memory: Immunohistochemical, biochemical, behavioral and electrophysiological studies in rats. Japanese Dental Science Review. Hirai, T., Kang, Y., Koshino, H., Kawanishi, K., Toyoshita, Y., Ikeda, Y., & Saito, M. (2010).
Shortened dental arch and cerebral regional blood volume: An experimental pilot study with optical topography. Cranio - Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, 27(2), 94-100. Miyamoto, I., Yoshida, K., & Bessho, K. (2009).
Hard-food mastication suppresses complete Freundʼs adjuvant-induced nociception. Neuroscience, 120(4), 1081-1092. Ogawa, A., Morimoto, T., Hu, J. W., Tsuboi, Y., Tashiro, A., Noguchi, K., Nakagawa, H., et al. (2003).
Influence of tooth-loss and concomitant masticatory alterations on cholinergic neurons in rats: Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies. Neuroscience Research, 43(4), 373-379. Terasawa, H., Hirai, T., Ninomiya, T., Ikeda, Y., Ishijima, T., Yajima, T., Hamaue, N., et al. (2002).
Soft-diet feeding inhibits adult neurogenesis in hippocampus of mice. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 50(3), 117-124. Yamamoto, T., Hirayama, A., Hosoe, N., Furube, M., & Hirano, S. (2009).
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of cognitive dysfunction. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 37(8), 624-640. Ono, Y., Yamamoto, T., Kubo, K.-ya, & Onozuka, M. (2010).
4) Oralsomatic System - Balance, Propioception, and Visual
Saccadic reaction times during isometric voluntary contraction of the shoulder girdle elevators and vibration stimulation to the trapezius. European journal of applied physiology, 85(6), 527-532. Fujiwara, K., Kunita, K., Toyama, H., & Miyaguchi, A. (2001).
Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Perception & Psychophysics. Lee, D. N., & Aronson, E. (1974).
Postural control in children with strabismus: Effect of eye surgery. Neuroscience Letters, 501(2), 96-101. Legrand, A., Quoc, E. B., Vacher, S. W., Ribot, J., Lebas, N., Milleret, C., & Bucci, M. P. (2011).
Properties of eye movements induced by activation of neck muscle proprioceptors. Graefeʼs Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 234(11), 703-709. Lennerstrand, G., Han, Y., & Velay, J. L. (1996).
Visual contributions to postural stability in older adults. Gerontology, 46(6), 306-310. Lord, S. R., & Menz, H. B.
Effects of a two-diopter vertical prism on posture. Neuroscience Letters, 423(3), 236-240. Matheron, E., Lê, T. T., Yang, Q., & Kapoula, Z. (2007).
Prism adaptation improves postural imbalance in neglect patients. Neuroreport, 25(5), 307-11. Nijboer, T. C. W., Olthoff, L., Van der Stigchel, S., & Visser-Meily, J. M. a. (2014).
4) Oralsomatic System - Gastroesophageal, Respiratory, and Speech Production
Parameters of an optimal physiological state of the masticatory system: The results of a survey of practitioners using computerized measurement devices. Cranio. Cooper, B. C. (2004).
The role of bioelectronic instrumentation in the documentation and management of temporomandibular disorders. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 83(1), 91-100. Cooper, B. C. (1997).
5) Treatment Phase 1: Orthotic and Intraoral Orthopedic
Establishing of a Temporomandibular Physiological State with Neuromuscular Orthosis Treatment Affects Redcution of TMD Symptoms in 313 Patients Cooper, B., & Kleinberg, I.
Case Series of an Intraoral Balancing Appliance Therapy on Subjective Symptom Severity and Cervical Spine Alignment, Lee, Young Jun, Lee, J. K., Jung, S. C., Lee, H.-woo, Yin, C. S., & Lee, Young Jin. (2013).
Influence of the vertical dimension in the treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. Manns, A., Miralles, R., Santander, H., & Valdivia, J. (1983).
Therapeutic effects of functional orthodontic appliances on cervical spine posture: a retrospective cephalometric study. Head & face medicine, 10, 7. Ohnmeiß, M., Kinzinger, G., Wesselbaum, J., & Korbmacher-Steiner, H. M. (2014).
Effect of occlusal support by implant prostheses on brain function. Journal of Prosthodontic Research, 55(4), 206-213. Okamoto, N. (2011).
Evaluation of craniofacial effects during rapid maxillary expansion through combined in vivo/in vitro and finite element studies. European Journal of Orthodontics, 30(5), 437-448. Provatidis, C. G., Georgiopoulos, B., Kotinas, a, & McDonald, J. P. (2008).
6) Treatment Phase 2: Orthodontic - Sports, Performance, and Aesthetics
Gnathological postural treatment in a professional basketball player: a case report and an overview of the role of dental occlusion on performance. Annali di stomatologia, 3(2), 51-8. Baldini, A., Beraldi, A., Nota, A., Danelon, F., Ballanti, F., & Longoni, S. (2012).
7) Oralsomatic System Anatomy: Descriptive
Anatomic relation between the nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae) and the spinal dura mater in the craniocervical region. Clinical Anatomy, 15(3), 182-185. Dean, N. A., & Mitchell, B. S. (2002).
Anatomic relation between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dura mater. Spine, 20(23), 2484-2486. Hack, G. D., Koritzer, R. T., Robinson, W. L., Hallgren, R. C., & Greenman, P. E. (1995).
8) Historical
Historical overview of spinal deformities in ancient Greece. Scoliosis, 4, 6. Vasiliadis, E. S., Grivas, T. B., & Kaspiris, A. (2009).
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPERS PUBBLISHED ON SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS - NOT DOWNLOADABLE
The published articles below explore the link between neurological movement disorders and dental occlusion, TMJ and jaw. We could not find downloadable versions.
Peripherally induced oromandibular dystonia
Sankhla C, Lai EC, Jankovic J. , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia- try 1998;65(5):722-8.
Atypical and typical cranial dystonia following dental procedures
Schrag A, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Mov Disord 1999;14(3):492-6.
Clinical signs of temporo-mandibular joint internal derangement in adults. An epidemiologic study
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The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function, 3rd edition
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Excitability changes in human hand motor area induced by voluntary teeth clenching are dependent on muscle properties
Takahashi M, Ni Z, Yamashita T, et al. Exp Brain Res 2006;171(2):272-7
Inhibitory effect of the Jen-drassik maneuver on the stretch reflex
Nardone A, Schieppati M. Neuroscience 2008;156(3):607-17
Sensory tricks in cervical dystonia: Perceptual dysbalance of parietal cortex modulates frontal motor programming
Numann M, Magyar-Lehmann S, Reiners K, Erbguth F, Leenders KL. Ann Neurol 2000;47(3): 322-8.
Sensory trick in hemichorea-hemiballism and in Parkinson’s disease tremor
Lewitt PA, Gostkowski MT. Mov Disord 2010;25(9):1312-3.
Geste antagonistes in idiopathic lower cranial dystonia
Lo SE, Gelb M, Frucht SJ. Mov Disord 2007;22(7):1012-
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/2015/07/03/can-you-trust-your-dentist/
3 JULY, 2015 BY MARCELLO LEONARD MAZZA
Please read this post before you consider the convenience of carrying out ANY dental treatment and before you choose the dentist who should carry it out. This post may save your life.
A negligent dental treatment that I underwent two years ago caused -within 24 hours- the onset of Cervical Dystonia. That dentists was just performing the procedures and applying the teachings that he had learned at Dental School.
Since none of the dentists I resorted to could fix my occlusion after that negligent treatment, I started my own research.
And I am now sharing some conclusions, facts and thoughts that resulted from this research.
Dental School Teachings are Not Science
It is difficult to respect the teachings of Dental School as science when I consulted and asked questions to 20 eminent professors of different schools of occlusion who professed (with great personal and epistemic arrogance, as if they were God given absolute Truths) concepts that are antithetic.
Do not mind the technical terms that follow. At this stage, I only wish to let you appreciate how the KEY ISSUE of dental occlusion - where and how the mandible and teeth close - is open to completley opposite OPINIONS:
1) “Teeth have to close in Centric Relation”
as opposed to
“Centric Relation does not exist”
2) “Koiss deprogrammers to establish where the mouth should close are a heap of BS”
3) “Centric Occlusion has to coincide with Centric Relation”
as opposed to
“Centric Relation and Centric Occlusion have to be completely different.”
4) “The curve of Spee has to be flat”
As opposed to
“The curve of Spee has to be steep”
The above are textual quotes of words that eminent professors of different occlusion “schools of thought” spoke to me. Those different schools of thought with opposing views on key issues define themselves: Gnatologists, Functionalist, Gerber, Organic, Mio-Functional Rehabilitators, Koiss… it goes on…
Much of modern dentistry ia based on myths and opinions that have no empirical evidence or contradict common sense, nature (healthy mouths that have never been touched by a dentists) and a great body of research an scientific evidence.
First Do No Harm
The most frightening conclusion of my research is that the principle of “first do no harm to the patient” is absolutely absent from modern Dental School teaching.
Most dentists will arrogantly profess as God given absolute Truths some principles which are - at best - open to debate. They will act upon those principles, carrying out irreversible procedures in your mouth.
Many dentists will happily drill their way through irreversible damage to your teeth based on concepts and principles that are WRONG, dangerous myths with no empirical evidence or at best- open to debate.
Run for the Door
Whenever you hear a dentist profess one of the following “dogmas,” as God given absolute Truths, we suggest to head for the door of the clinic as fast as possible. The dentist has no clue and is dangerous to let him touch your mouth. His ignorance is proportional to his arrogance.
Absolutely and dangerously wrong:
“Teeth have to occlude with vertical forces.”
Natural mouths (i.e. the ones which have never been touched by a dentists) present contacts between antagonistic teeth of the opposing dental arches that have many directions, be it vertical, lateral, diagonal, torsion or torque.
Look at the two pictures to realize that the force that teeth accommodate when the mandible presses against the skull may or may not be vertical. And you may become a top NBA basketball athlete with non-vertical forces in your mouth.
In my case, the elimination of all non-vertical contacts by a dentist with a drill resulted in a collapsed occlusion (picture on the left) that triggers dystonic symptoms. The use of a dental splint to reestablish diagonal, lateral and torque contacts between the dental arches (picture on the right) results in discontinuance of all dystonic symptoms.
The wrong paradigm of “vertical forces only” is all - pervasive in dental practice and leads to the fallacies that I describe next.
Absolutely and dangerously wrong:
“Contacts between teeth that shift the mandible sideways when the mouth is closing should be eliminated. They are prematurities and interference.”
Those lateral deflecting contacts are present in natural mouths and have a purpose: they articulate through the teeth a sideways and rotational movement of the mandible. The movement is necessary and of the utmost importance for it aligns the axis of the plane of occlusion with the axis of the cervical spine and the skull by ROTATING the mandible around its axis.
These deflecting contacts on teeth articulate a sideways and rotational shift of the mandible that is technically defined “Bennet Movement.” The Bennet movement is a sideways shift of one condyle while the other condyle stays almost fixed. The following picture gives you an idea of this necessary and important movement.
Most importantly, those deflecting dental contacts are fundamental, necessary and present in natural mouths because they articulate a movement of the jaw between TWO positions of the mouth as it closes: from the position of the jaw when the first contact between teeth occur to the one where the mouth is fully closed (and muscles of the masticatory system fully contracted).
Absolutely and dangerously wrong:
“The correct occlusion has the mouth closed in Centric Relation (or Centric Occlusion or Miofuntional Balance or Koiss Deprogrammer or any other SINGLE position arbitrary chosen by a dentist).”
Natural mouths (i.e. never touched by a dentist) have a natural movement between TWO very specific positions when the mouth closes:
- First contact. Sometimes called “Centric Occlusal Relation” (dental pseudo-science has controversy even about names and definitions). It is basically the position of the mandible that we use to chew . As you can appreciate in the picture below, the mandible in this position works as a pair of “Chinese chopsticks,” or, technically, as a class 3 lever.
- Maximum Intercuspation (called by some dentists also “Centric Occlusion”) It is the position that the mandible assumes when you close your mouth completely, reaching maximum pressure between your dental arches. This is the position that the mandible assumes when you swallow. In this position the mandible produces orthopedic forces in a very different way. Technically, it works as a class 1 lever machine. If a dental treatment “breaks” this bio-mechanical lever, the result is a collapse of the skull that lacks proper support on the dental arches. (Read our post on the Molar Lever to understand how it works)
Movement between these TWO positions is articulated by the molar teeth and can be forward, lateral, rotational and torque. If the teeth do not distribute force evenly during this movement, the tempo-mandibular joint (TMJ) suffers.
If the occlusion has been vandalized by butcher-dentists who thinks that there has to be only one position with vertical forces to close the mouth, the result is what dentists call “Tempo-mandibular Joint Disfunction” (TMD) and “Bruxism,” collapsed occlusion, disfunctional bite and impaired molar lever effect to support the skull.
In conclusion: The bio-mechanics of the jaw movement are based on TWO positions and the movement between them.
Absolutely wrong and dangerous:
“We have to make a model of your mouth in an articulator”
Most dentists will maintain that it is necessary to build prosthetics and occlusal splints using a model of your teeth mounted on an device called an articulator. They will charge you for an expensive “study” of your mouth.
The reality is that articulators are imprecise, over-simplified models that mis-understand and miss-reproduce the mechanics of the movements of the mandible. They simply don’t work.
Specifically, they do not reproduce diagonal, rotational and torque forces between teeth or the Bennet Movement (mentioned above).
Moreover, the use of the articulator is based on the obviously wrong postulate that the only force that moves the mandible is vertical gravity. It is obvious that the strongest force that moves the jaw is produced by the muscles, and its direction depends on where the muscles are attached to the skull and mandible. That affects the direction of the forces and point of contact between teeth when the mouth closes
If that was not enough, articulators have a fixed “hinge” relation between the head of the condyles (the attachment of the mandible to the skull), while the tempo-mandibular joint (TMJ) is NOT a “hinge.” The TMJ is, at best, an ellipsoidal joint that can rotate and assume different positions that transfer force in any direction to the skull.
Up until 30 years ago, most dentists used “fully adjustable” articulators. Nowadays, 99% of dentists use “semi-adjustable” articulators. Dental pseudo-science goes backwards with time.
Some dentist who practice Orthognathic surgery have such blind faith in the articulator model of occlusion that they are willing to cut bones, completely remove whole dental arches, mandibles and maxillas and reposition them in a position that fits the articulator model - and hold them in place with screws or plates. I have personally not met a single person who underwent this obscenely traumatic surgery who says that he would recommend it or would do it again.
In my case - in an experiment that can be easily replicated by any dentist or patient - once I started building my own dental splints solidifying self curing resin on a base lower splint directly in my mouth, I could achieve occlusal stability in a matter of one hour, where top experts had failed using an articulator during months.
In conclusion: studies on articulators are wrong, imprecise, expensive, useless and dangerous.
Absolutely wrong and tautologic:
You are a bruxist
Patients (and sadly most dentist) may think that “bruxism” is a well defined, scientificly researched condition or desease (like pneumonia or the flu). It isn’t. The definition of “bruxism” by dental schools is tautologic.
A tautologic definition is one that uses formal logic, but is redundant and self fulfilling. For example: “A sunny day is a day when the sun is in the sky.”
By definition, if the false and oversimplified theories and myths of occlusion described above create instability in a patient’s mouth, it is because he is a “bruxist.” Please note that dental schools know that their oversimplified model does not work on a significant number of patient’s mouths.
The “Functionalist” school of occlusion goes even further in its nonsense: any activity of the mandible that does not fit its extremly narrow and over-simplified model of dental occlusion is labeled as “para-function,” a term reminiscent of paranormal phenomena from a bad episode of the “Twilight Zone” TV show.
The reality is that “Bruxism” is caused by a dental trauma (usually originated or aggravated by a dentist) that has caused dental occlusion to collapse from TWO positions to ONE position.
The autonomous (involuntary) nervous system will try to find a different, second position where teeth have grip to allow a stable contraction of all muscles to carry out the act of swallowing.
We swallow about 3000 times a day. During sleep, this involuntary reflex is triggered once every minute.
As we saw before, the acts of chewing and swallowing are carried out in natural mouths (i.e. never touched by a dentist) in TWO very different positions. And that happens because the mandible works biomechanical in TWO very different ways in those TWO positions.
Fortunately (isn’t that ironic), it is very easy to recover the swallowing position and be permanently cured of “bruxism”: just build your own dental splint solidifying self curing resin on a base lower splint directly in your mouth while you sit straight and close your mouth in the position that is produced by pronouncing the letter “E” or “O.” Those two positions force the muscles to stretch in a symmetric way, therefore pushing the mandible in the desired swallowing position.
Again, it would be very easy for any dentist or dental school to reproduce this splint-in-the-mouth experiment in a scientific way. But dentistry is not science.
In conclusion: “Bruxism” is caused by the absence of non vertical contacts (be it lateral, diagonal, torsion or torque) between antagonistic teeth of the opposing dental arches that provide a stable “grip” for the muscles to contact during the act of swallowing. Most of the times it is caused or aggravated by dentists who act upon the false belief that during chewing and swallow the teeth have to occlude in the same position.
Absolutely wrong and “criminal”:
“Wisdom teeth have to be removed because they are useless.”
Removing wisdom teeth condemns the patient to a collapsing skull, sooner or later in their lifetime.
The arrogance of considering that wisdom teeth serve no function because the dentist does not know or understand its function is overwhelming. Removing wisdom teeth acting upon ignorance is nothing short of “criminal”.
Extraction of wisdom teeth is a traumatic and irreversible removal of 2 cubic cms x 4 teeth of skeletal structure between the neck and the head.
Does anybody really think that removing 8-10 cubic cms of skeletal structure (considering ridge and bone reabsorption) where the skull and the mandible are connected to the cervical spine does not affect skull stability and support?
But, most importantly from a SCIENTIFIC point of view, can anybody PROVE that it has no negative effects?
Within the scientific method, “absence of evidence” of harm does not imply “evidence of absence” of harm.
Whenever scientists recommend a traumatic and irreversible medical procedure, THEY have to prove that it is not harmful.
Again. Dentistry is not science.
Regardless, the practical totality of orthodontic treatments start with wisdom teeth extractions.
The only reason why it is not evident to the general public that removal of wisdom teeth has extremely negative effects for skeletal and cranial stability is that the negative effects play out slowly, over the years. That makes it almost impossible to file a dental malpractice lawsuit.
Removal of wisdom teeth is probably the main cause that lies behind the epidemic of the need for knee and hip replacement surgery in the population over-70 years of age. More research on this correlation is due.
Absolutely wrong and a lie:
“There is no relation between posture, verticality of the spine, symmetry of the body and dental occlusion.”
There is overwhelming evidence, academic and scientific practical research and experimental treatments on how to best modify posture and the skeletal structure by acting on dental occlusion. The whole field of orthodontics is based on orthopedic consequences of orthodontic treatments.
No dentist could ever tell you with a straight face that such relation does not exist. He would be lying and he would know that he is lying.
Regardless, I could experience first hand an “eminent professor,” who even writes a blog about dental occlusion, trying to tell me that such relation does not exist in order to sell an expensive and wrong dental treatment.
Conclusion
In this post, I have not even touched the subjects of implants and endodontic killing of dental nerves (root canals); which are extremely common and highly dangerous and controversial treatments -often unnecessary.
Beware!!!
It is healthy not to trust whatever comes out of a dentist’s mouth.
When you are told that you need a dental treatment, think twice and do your own research.
The final conclusion of this research is paradoxical:
The best dentist (and often the most expensive and with the longest waiting list) is the one who touches your teeth and mouth the least.
He has a healthy respect for the complexity of the mechanics of dental occlusion. He does not profess any arrogant God given absolute truth about anything. He understands RISK and SAFETY. He would never carry out irreversible procedures based on ANY opinion, belief or theory, even if it is recommended by a prestigious and empirically arrogant dental academic institution. He is aware that all sorts of nasty neurological syndromes and movement disorders can be triggered by dental treatments. He does not use the articulator and prefers to work and study directly in the patient’s mouth, with reversible diagnostic and conservative procedures. He knows that the correct position for dental occlusion is “wherever the mandible wants to go.” He has worked hard during years to be able to forget the teachings of dental school.
The first words that one of those extremely rare good dentist told me when he saw me were:
Look at this dental drill. This is your worst enemy.
A bit of advise for the patients:
Whenever the dentist wants to put in your mouth articulating paper (carbon copy paper that leaves black spots on your teeth), asks you to tap your teeth and takes the drill… stop him. There risk of that procedure producing irreversible damage far overweights the possible positive results. Please note that I am using the words “Risk” and “Safer.”
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/2016/01/05/protocol-for-the-treatment-of-cervical-dystonia/
Please be advised that the great majority of dentists (even self proclaimed experts in TMJ disfunction) do NOT have experience with this sort of neurological symptoms and skeletal imbalances and instability. They do NOT understand the relation between neurological symptoms, cranial collapse and dental occlusion.
That is due to the fact that traditional mainstream dental school teachings are based on an oversimplified model (the articulator model) that considers the skeletal relation of skull bones and cervical vertebrae as FIXED and INDEPENDENT of dental occlusion.
Most of the patients who present these symptoms are likely to have been diagnosed by a neurologist with a specific kind of neurological movement disorder (be it Dystonia, Tourette’s, Parkinson’s, etc…) and are likely to have received prescriptions for Botox injections to paralyze specific muscles, systemic antiepilieptic, antidepressant drugs and pain killers. Many may have varying levels of functional disability.
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/2015/09/01/principles-of-splint-therapy/
The great majority of dentists do NOT understand and have NO experience of complex occlusal issues, NOR the relationship between occlusion, posture, skull stability and neurological disorders.
The mainstream teachings of Dental Schools on some fundamental issues related to skull and upper cervical stability are WRONG. Please read this post for an in depth analysis of some of modern dentistries fallacies: Can you Trust your Dentist?
The mainstream protocols developed by neurologists for the treatment of Dystonia are based on biochemistry and not on biomechanics. They are targeted at managing and cronifying symptoms with systemic drugs and Botox injections, NOT at the treatment of the cause.
It is worth mentioning that - contrary to what many professionals think, believe and profess - there is great controversy and even OPPOSITE OPINIONS on fundamental issues related to occlusion between multiple occlusion schools and philosophy. Dentistry is not science.
The dominant model of occlusion preaches that the “correct” position of the mandible for occlusion is ONE specific and supposedly fixed skeletal position called Centric Relation, where the condyles work as a hinge in rotation and teeth occlude only with vertical contacts. Technically, you can call it the Semi-Adjustable Articulator in Centric Relation with Mutually Protected Occlusion model.
https://biomechanical-dystonia.net/resources/
Resources
Winfred Mugge, Alexander G. Munts, Alfred C. Schouten, Frans C.T. van der Helm
“Modeling movement disorders-CRPS-related dystonia explained by abnormal propioceptive reflexes.” - Journal of Biomechanics: November 23, 2011
Anthony B. Sims, DDS and Mark S. Cooper, PhD
“Suppression of movement disorders by jaw realignment” Academic research paper with excellent bibliography by Anthony B. Sims, DDS, Private Practice, 8865 Stanford Blvd, Columbia, MD, USA; Mark S. Cooper, PhD, Department of Biology, University of Washington, , Seattle (WA), USA.
Starecta
Excellent insight on the biomechanical struccture of the masticatory system and how it works as a class 1 lever machine when the teeth interlock. He has developped “rectifiers,” intraoral appliances that are ment to stretch and allign the cervical spine, lift the skull and streighten body posture, taking advantage of lever mechanics.
Cure Dystonia Blog
One of the best sources of information to understand how Dystonia is caused and can be cured. It describes and explains the reaserch of Dr. Lee form Korea and the logic behind his treatment and documents the success it had in curing the Author’s Dystonia.
Dr. Young Jun Lee
Case Series of an Intraoral Balancing Appliance Therapy on Subjective Symptom Severity and Cervical Spine Alignment
A. Viswanath and S.M. Gordon
Two cases of oromandibular dystonia referred as temporomandibular joint disorder
The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice: “Tourette’s syndrome: a pilot study for the discontinuance of a movement disorder”
Tourette’s Syndrome is due to a structural deformity which manifests itself as a neurological problem. It is a structural-reflex disorder, and this pilot study of multiple cases shows how and why Tourette’s and its multiple co-morbid disorders can be discontinued with a device that requires no medicines or surgery called the Neurocranio Vertical Distractor (NCVD).
Dr. Dweight Jennings, DDS
Dr. Jenning’s from Alameda (California) carries out research and treatments that show and document how movement disorders as well as Parkinson’s responds to jaw alignment therapy in the majority of cases with substantial improvement in multiple aspects. This phenomenon and multiple case histories have been presented at multiple dental pain and orthodontic symposiums. Please see attached article for more detail on treatment of Parkinson’s with jaw orthopedics. A good article is also available on treatment of tourettes (tourette pdf) with jaw orthopedics.
Dr. Brendan Stack, DDS, MD
Dr. Stack is a university trained orthodontist who has been treating craniofacial pain and TMJ/TMD disorders since 1965. He also very successfully treats the abnormal head and face, neck and shoulder movement disorders associated with Tourette’s syndrome, Torticollis and Parkinson’s disease. His office is located halfway between Dulles International Airport and Washington Reagan Airport to accommodate the many national and international patients who seek his services.
Dr. Brendan Stack Treatment of Complex Neurological Syndroms with Dental Appliances
The FDA (US agency for the control and regulation of medocal prescription drugs and procedures) approves a clinical trial involving the use of a dental appliance for the treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome.
An article published on the journal Bone 1 confirms the finding of a team of French researchers that Botox injections cause bone loss in rats and permanent damage to the jaw bone and condyles.
http://www.tmj.org/site/page?pageId=327
Articles on the effect of bite on Brain Function:
Hard Food Suppresses Pain Propensity
Soft Feeding Inhibits Neurogenesis
Occlusion and Brain Function
Effect of Tooth Loss on Cholinergic Neurons
Effect on Chewing on Memory
Effect of Implants on Brain Function
Short Dental Arch and Brain Blood Flow
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPERS PUBBLISHED ON SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS - DIRECTLY DOWNLOADABLE
The published articles below strongly warrant further research into these areas:
1) Epidemiological, Large Population, Literature Review, and Meta-Analysis
Occlusal patterns in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, (2006).130(5), 629-633. Ben-Bassat, Y., Yitschaky, M., Kaplan, L., & Brin, I.
Scoliosis and dental occlusion: a review of the literature. Scoliosis, 6, 15. Saccucci, M., Tettamanti, L., Mummolo, S., Polimeni, A., Festa, F., & Tecco, S. (2011).
Clinical association between teeth malocclusions, wrong posture and ocular convergence disorders: an epidemiological investigation on primary school children. BMC pediatrics,(2013).13(1). Silvestrini-Biavati, A., Migliorati, M., Demarziani, E., Tecco, S., Silvestrini-Biavati, P., Polimeni, A., & Saccucci, M.
Co-ocurrence of the idiopathic scoliosis and the malocclusion- early results. Scoliosis (2012). Tyrakowski, M., Laskowska, M., Czubak, J., & Olczak-Kowalczyk, D. .
2) Oralsomatic System - Biomechanical / Musculoskeletal Structure and Posture
Effects of different jaw relations on postural stability in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 356(3), 228-230. Bracco, P., Deregibus, A., & Piscetta, R. (2004)
The relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 64(1), 61-66.Cuccia, A., & Caradonna, C. (2009).
Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Archives of Oral Biology, 55(9), 670-678. De Farias Neto, J. P., De Santana, J. M., De Santana-Filho, V. J., Quintans-Junior, L. J., De Lima Ferreira, A. P., & Bonjardim, L. R. (2010).
Forward head posture: Its structural and functional influence on the stomatognathic system, a conceptual study. Cranio, 14(1), 71-80. Gonzalez, H. E., & Manns, A. (1996).
Head posture and cervicovertebral and craniofacial morphology in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. Cranio : the journal of craniomandibular practice, 10(3), 173-177; discussion 178. Huggare, J. A., & Raustia, A. M. (1992).
Neuromuscular dentistry: Occlusal diseases and posture. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 3(3), 146-150. Khan, M. T., Verma, S. K., Maheshwari, S., Zahid, S. N., & Chaudhary, P. K. (2013).
The effects of manual therapy and exercise directed at the cervical spine on pain and pressure pain sensitivity in patients with myofascial temporomandibular disorders. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 36(9), 644-52. La Touche, R., Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Fernández-Carnero, J., Escalante, K., Angulo-Díaz-Parreño, S., Paris-Alemany, A., & Cleland, J. A. (2009).
Beziehungen zwischen kieferorthopädischen und orthopädischen Befunden, Manuelle Medizin, 38(6), 346-350. Lippold, C., Ehmer, U., & Bos, L. van den. (2000).
The effect of dental occlusal disturbances on the curvature of the vertebral spine in rats. Cranio®, 33(3), 217-227. Ramirez-Yanez, G. O., Mehta, L., & Mehta, N. R. (2015).
Head posture and malocclusions. European journal of orthodontics, 20(6), 685-693. Solow, B., & Sonnesen, L. (1998).
The effect of occlusal alteration and masticatory imbalance on the cervical spine. European Journal of Orthodontics, 25(5), 457-463. Shimazaki, T., Motoyoshi, M., Hosoi, K., & Namura, S. (2003).
Correlation between interdental occlusal plane and plantar arches. An EMG study. Bulletin du Groupement international pour la recherche scientifique en stomatologie & odontologie, 44(1), 10-13. Valentino, B., Melito, F., Aldi, B., & Valentino, T.
3) Oralsomatic System - Neurological
Occlusal-masticatory function and learning and memory: Immunohistochemical, biochemical, behavioral and electrophysiological studies in rats. Japanese Dental Science Review. Hirai, T., Kang, Y., Koshino, H., Kawanishi, K., Toyoshita, Y., Ikeda, Y., & Saito, M. (2010).
Shortened dental arch and cerebral regional blood volume: An experimental pilot study with optical topography. Cranio - Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, 27(2), 94-100. Miyamoto, I., Yoshida, K., & Bessho, K. (2009).
Hard-food mastication suppresses complete Freundʼs adjuvant-induced nociception. Neuroscience, 120(4), 1081-1092. Ogawa, A., Morimoto, T., Hu, J. W., Tsuboi, Y., Tashiro, A., Noguchi, K., Nakagawa, H., et al. (2003).
Influence of tooth-loss and concomitant masticatory alterations on cholinergic neurons in rats: Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies. Neuroscience Research, 43(4), 373-379. Terasawa, H., Hirai, T., Ninomiya, T., Ikeda, Y., Ishijima, T., Yajima, T., Hamaue, N., et al. (2002).
Soft-diet feeding inhibits adult neurogenesis in hippocampus of mice. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 50(3), 117-124. Yamamoto, T., Hirayama, A., Hosoe, N., Furube, M., & Hirano, S. (2009).
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of cognitive dysfunction. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 37(8), 624-640. Ono, Y., Yamamoto, T., Kubo, K.-ya, & Onozuka, M. (2010).
4) Oralsomatic System - Balance, Propioception, and Visual
Saccadic reaction times during isometric voluntary contraction of the shoulder girdle elevators and vibration stimulation to the trapezius. European journal of applied physiology, 85(6), 527-532. Fujiwara, K., Kunita, K., Toyama, H., & Miyaguchi, A. (2001).
Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Perception & Psychophysics. Lee, D. N., & Aronson, E. (1974).
Postural control in children with strabismus: Effect of eye surgery. Neuroscience Letters, 501(2), 96-101. Legrand, A., Quoc, E. B., Vacher, S. W., Ribot, J., Lebas, N., Milleret, C., & Bucci, M. P. (2011).
Properties of eye movements induced by activation of neck muscle proprioceptors. Graefeʼs Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 234(11), 703-709. Lennerstrand, G., Han, Y., & Velay, J. L. (1996).
Visual contributions to postural stability in older adults. Gerontology, 46(6), 306-310. Lord, S. R., & Menz, H. B.
Effects of a two-diopter vertical prism on posture. Neuroscience Letters, 423(3), 236-240. Matheron, E., Lê, T. T., Yang, Q., & Kapoula, Z. (2007).
Prism adaptation improves postural imbalance in neglect patients. Neuroreport, 25(5), 307-11. Nijboer, T. C. W., Olthoff, L., Van der Stigchel, S., & Visser-Meily, J. M. a. (2014).
4) Oralsomatic System - Gastroesophageal, Respiratory, and Speech Production
Parameters of an optimal physiological state of the masticatory system: The results of a survey of practitioners using computerized measurement devices. Cranio. Cooper, B. C. (2004).
The role of bioelectronic instrumentation in the documentation and management of temporomandibular disorders. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 83(1), 91-100. Cooper, B. C. (1997).
5) Treatment Phase 1: Orthotic and Intraoral Orthopedic
Establishing of a Temporomandibular Physiological State with Neuromuscular Orthosis Treatment Affects Redcution of TMD Symptoms in 313 Patients Cooper, B., & Kleinberg, I.
Case Series of an Intraoral Balancing Appliance Therapy on Subjective Symptom Severity and Cervical Spine Alignment, Lee, Young Jun, Lee, J. K., Jung, S. C., Lee, H.-woo, Yin, C. S., & Lee, Young Jin. (2013).
Influence of the vertical dimension in the treatment of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. Manns, A., Miralles, R., Santander, H., & Valdivia, J. (1983).
Therapeutic effects of functional orthodontic appliances on cervical spine posture: a retrospective cephalometric study. Head & face medicine, 10, 7. Ohnmeiß, M., Kinzinger, G., Wesselbaum, J., & Korbmacher-Steiner, H. M. (2014).
Effect of occlusal support by implant prostheses on brain function. Journal of Prosthodontic Research, 55(4), 206-213. Okamoto, N. (2011).
Evaluation of craniofacial effects during rapid maxillary expansion through combined in vivo/in vitro and finite element studies. European Journal of Orthodontics, 30(5), 437-448. Provatidis, C. G., Georgiopoulos, B., Kotinas, a, & McDonald, J. P. (2008).
6) Treatment Phase 2: Orthodontic - Sports, Performance, and Aesthetics
Gnathological postural treatment in a professional basketball player: a case report and an overview of the role of dental occlusion on performance. Annali di stomatologia, 3(2), 51-8. Baldini, A., Beraldi, A., Nota, A., Danelon, F., Ballanti, F., & Longoni, S. (2012).
7) Oralsomatic System Anatomy: Descriptive
Anatomic relation between the nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae) and the spinal dura mater in the craniocervical region. Clinical Anatomy, 15(3), 182-185. Dean, N. A., & Mitchell, B. S. (2002).
Anatomic relation between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dura mater. Spine, 20(23), 2484-2486. Hack, G. D., Koritzer, R. T., Robinson, W. L., Hallgren, R. C., & Greenman, P. E. (1995).
8) Historical
Historical overview of spinal deformities in ancient Greece. Scoliosis, 4, 6. Vasiliadis, E. S., Grivas, T. B., & Kaspiris, A. (2009).
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPERS PUBBLISHED ON SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS - NOT DOWNLOADABLE
The published articles below explore the link between neurological movement disorders and dental occlusion, TMJ and jaw. We could not find downloadable versions.
Peripherally induced oromandibular dystonia
Sankhla C, Lai EC, Jankovic J. , J Neurol Neurosurg Psychia- try 1998;65(5):722-8.
Atypical and typical cranial dystonia following dental procedures
Schrag A, Bhatia KP, Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Mov Disord 1999;14(3):492-6.
Clinical signs of temporo-mandibular joint internal derangement in adults. An epidemiologic study
Lundh H, Westesson PL. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;72(6):637-41.
The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function, 3rd edition
Brodal PR. . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004.
Excitability changes in human hand motor area induced by voluntary teeth clenching are dependent on muscle properties
Takahashi M, Ni Z, Yamashita T, et al. Exp Brain Res 2006;171(2):272-7
Inhibitory effect of the Jen-drassik maneuver on the stretch reflex
Nardone A, Schieppati M. Neuroscience 2008;156(3):607-17
Sensory tricks in cervical dystonia: Perceptual dysbalance of parietal cortex modulates frontal motor programming
Numann M, Magyar-Lehmann S, Reiners K, Erbguth F, Leenders KL. Ann Neurol 2000;47(3): 322-8.
Sensory trick in hemichorea-hemiballism and in Parkinson’s disease tremor
Lewitt PA, Gostkowski MT. Mov Disord 2010;25(9):1312-3.
Geste antagonistes in idiopathic lower cranial dystonia
Lo SE, Gelb M, Frucht SJ. Mov Disord 2007;22(7):1012-