Plants... b/c i dont have any typing utility kinda thang on my computer :-(
Plant Architecture
Plants need LEAVES, STEMS, ROOTS, VASCULAR SYSTEMS.
Leaves: collect and convert solar energy
Stems: posistion the plant/leaves towards the sun; support
Roots: achorage and absorbtion
Vascular System: transport
*LEAF*
The structure of the leaf includes the EPIDERMIS, MESOPHYLL and VEINS
Epidermis: contains the cuticle, a waxy covering that regulates the plants intake of water and the guard cells which open and close they come in contact with water; the holes the open are called stomata and they help with gas exchange.
Mesophyll: it is the middle layer of the leaf and contains parenchyma which is ground tissue (basic), in monocots. In dicots the parenchyma is divided up into two layers: PALISADE and SPONGEY. Palisade is located aboive the spongey, its where the "light" reactions take place. The spongy mesophyll/parenchyma is located below and its where the "dark" reactions happen and glucose and carbs are synthesized.
Veins/Vascular bundles: contain the xylem and phloem
*STEM*
the stem contains the epidermis and cortex.
Epidermis: outer covering in a young stem, which will later on turn into bark. It is one cell thick and provides protection.
Cortex: the cortex contains specialized cells collencyma and sclerenchyma. The collenchyma is very flexible allowing for plant growth and also used for support; like collenchyma, sclerenchyma is used for support but contains liging. Sclerenchyma can be divided into sclerid and fibers. Sclerids are short and hard and are what makes up nut shells and the grainy tectures in pears. Fibers are long and extremly strongs; hemp fibers are sclereids. dies at functional maturity.
Vascular Tissue: stems also contain vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem, which in dicots form vascular bundles and divide the stem into the pith and cortex. procambium/vascular cambium.
-monocots contain ground parenchyma that is basic and has the capability to turn into other types of tissue.
*VASCULAR TISSUES*
the vascualr tissue is made up up xylem and phloem
Xylem: moves water from source to the plant (aka sink). It contains the tracheids that are long slender and tapred at the ends. they hav pits which allows horizontal water flow. Along the tracheids side are vessel elements which are wider and short and contain perforations also helping with the horizontal flow of water. both are dead at functional maturity.
Phloem: it helps transport photosynthetic nutrients by using sieve tubes memebers which lack organelles and are barely alive and companion cells which are metabollicaly and compensate for the sieve tube memebers lack of organelles.
*ROOT STRUCTURES*
the root structs is layered startwing with the epidermis, cortex, endodermis(contains casparian strip) and stele
epidermis: contains hairs that help w/absorbtion
cortex: ground parencyma...
endodermis:contains the casparian strip which prevents h2o from retreating
stele: vascular tissue.
apoplastic: water goes around cells and plasma membranes; faster
symplastic:water goes through cytoplam and only touches the cell membraine once
casparian strip:impermiable to water.
WATER TRAVELS SYMPLASTICALLY INTO THE STELE
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION (asexual)
runner: horizontal stem above the ground aka strawberry
rhizome: horizontal stem below ground
corm: vertical stem underground; enlarges plant
tuber:an enlarged rhizome used to store nutrients
bulb: vertical underground root structuer used to enlarge plant.
parthenogenisis: egg developing into embryo without fertilization
propagation: new plant develops from part of existing plant
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Upward Growth: aka phototropism; epictolye & coleoptile
Downward growth:aka gravitropism; radicle & hypocotyle
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Apical: primary growth. primarily in plants 1st year, focuses on upward growth
Lateral: after primary growth, plant begins to grow wider. primary groth continues
also ground and parenchyma ( sclerenchyma, collenchyma)
SECONDDARY GROWTH
fluid moves in xylem through adhesion /cohesion/evaporation/cohesion
-capillary action
-root pressue
-transpirtaiton pull ( cohesion...)
PHLOEM = source to sinl/bulk flow
SOIL
nitrogen fixation: abiotic = lighting ( coehsion)
biotic: free living vs symbiotic
Plants need LEAVES, STEMS, ROOTS, VASCULAR SYSTEMS.
Leaves: collect and convert solar energy
Stems: posistion the plant/leaves towards the sun; support
Roots: achorage and absorbtion
Vascular System: transport
*LEAF*
The structure of the leaf includes the EPIDERMIS, MESOPHYLL and VEINS
Epidermis: contains the cuticle, a waxy covering that regulates the plants intake of water and the guard cells which open and close they come in contact with water; the holes the open are called stomata and they help with gas exchange.
Mesophyll: it is the middle layer of the leaf and contains parenchyma which is ground tissue (basic), in monocots. In dicots the parenchyma is divided up into two layers: PALISADE and SPONGEY. Palisade is located aboive the spongey, its where the "light" reactions take place. The spongy mesophyll/parenchyma is located below and its where the "dark" reactions happen and glucose and carbs are synthesized.
Veins/Vascular bundles: contain the xylem and phloem
*STEM*
the stem contains the epidermis and cortex.
Epidermis: outer covering in a young stem, which will later on turn into bark. It is one cell thick and provides protection.
Cortex: the cortex contains specialized cells collencyma and sclerenchyma. The collenchyma is very flexible allowing for plant growth and also used for support; like collenchyma, sclerenchyma is used for support but contains liging. Sclerenchyma can be divided into sclerid and fibers. Sclerids are short and hard and are what makes up nut shells and the grainy tectures in pears. Fibers are long and extremly strongs; hemp fibers are sclereids. dies at functional maturity.
Vascular Tissue: stems also contain vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem, which in dicots form vascular bundles and divide the stem into the pith and cortex. procambium/vascular cambium.
-monocots contain ground parenchyma that is basic and has the capability to turn into other types of tissue.
*VASCULAR TISSUES*
the vascualr tissue is made up up xylem and phloem
Xylem: moves water from source to the plant (aka sink). It contains the tracheids that are long slender and tapred at the ends. they hav pits which allows horizontal water flow. Along the tracheids side are vessel elements which are wider and short and contain perforations also helping with the horizontal flow of water. both are dead at functional maturity.
Phloem: it helps transport photosynthetic nutrients by using sieve tubes memebers which lack organelles and are barely alive and companion cells which are metabollicaly and compensate for the sieve tube memebers lack of organelles.
*ROOT STRUCTURES*
the root structs is layered startwing with the epidermis, cortex, endodermis(contains casparian strip) and stele
epidermis: contains hairs that help w/absorbtion
cortex: ground parencyma...
endodermis:contains the casparian strip which prevents h2o from retreating
stele: vascular tissue.
apoplastic: water goes around cells and plasma membranes; faster
symplastic:water goes through cytoplam and only touches the cell membraine once
casparian strip:impermiable to water.
WATER TRAVELS SYMPLASTICALLY INTO THE STELE
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION (asexual)
runner: horizontal stem above the ground aka strawberry
rhizome: horizontal stem below ground
corm: vertical stem underground; enlarges plant
tuber:an enlarged rhizome used to store nutrients
bulb: vertical underground root structuer used to enlarge plant.
parthenogenisis: egg developing into embryo without fertilization
propagation: new plant develops from part of existing plant
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Upward Growth: aka phototropism; epictolye & coleoptile
Downward growth:aka gravitropism; radicle & hypocotyle
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Apical: primary growth. primarily in plants 1st year, focuses on upward growth
Lateral: after primary growth, plant begins to grow wider. primary groth continues
also ground and parenchyma ( sclerenchyma, collenchyma)
SECONDDARY GROWTH
fluid moves in xylem through adhesion /cohesion/evaporation/cohesion
-capillary action
-root pressue
-transpirtaiton pull ( cohesion...)
PHLOEM = source to sinl/bulk flow
SOIL
nitrogen fixation: abiotic = lighting ( coehsion)
biotic: free living vs symbiotic