Women and torture
deliriums_fish has an interesting essay on her LJ:
Feminism's Assumptions Upended
Barbara Ehrenreich
Even those people we might have thought were impervious to shame, like the secretary of Defense, admit that the photos of abuse in Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison turned their stomachs.
The photos did something else to me, as a feminist: They broke my heart. I had no illusions about the U.S. mission in Iraq--whatever exactly it is--but it turns out that I did have some illusions about women.
Of the seven U.S. soldiers now charged with sickening formsof abuse in Abu Ghraib, three are women: Spc. Megan Ambuhl, Pfc. Lynndie England, and Spc. Sabrina Harman.
It was Harman we saw smiling an impish little smile and giving the thumbs-up from behind a pile of hooded, naked Iraqi men as if to say, "Hi Mom, here I am in Abu Ghraib!" It was England we saw with a naked Iraqi man on a leash. If you were doing PR for al-Qaeda, you couldn't have staged a better picture to galvanize misogynistic Islamic fundamentalists around the world.
Here, in these photos from Abu Ghraib, you have everything that the Islamic fundamentalists believe characterizes Western culture, all nicely arranged in one hideous image of imperial arrogance, sexual depravity, and gender equality.
Maybe I shouldn't have been so shocked. We know that good people can do terrible things under the right circumstances. This is what psychologist Stanley Milgram found in his famous experiments in the 1960s. In all likelihood Ambuhl, England, and Harman are not congenitally evil people. They are working-class women who wanted an education and knew that the military could be a steppingstone in that direction. Once they had joined, they wanted to fit in.
And I also shouldn't be surprised because I never believed that women were innately gentler and less aggressive than men. Like most feminists, I have supported full opportunity for women within the military 1) because I knew women could fight and 2) because the military is one of the few options around for low-income people.
Although I opposed the 1991 Persian Gulf War, I was proud of our servicewomen and delighted that their presence irked their Saudi hosts. Secretly, I hoped that the presence of women would over time change the military, making it more respectful of other people and cultures, more capable of genuine peacekeeping. That's what I thought, but I don't think that anymore.
A certain kind of feminism, or perhaps I should say a certain kind of feminist naiveté, died in Abu Ghraib. It was a feminism that saw men as perpetual perpetrators, women as the perpetual victims, and male sexual violence against women as the root of all injustice. Rape has repeatedly been an instrument of war and, to some feminists, it was beginning to look as if war was an extension of rape. There seemed to at least be some evidence that male sexual sadism was connected to our species tragic propensity for violence. That was before we had seen female sexual sadism in action.
But it's not just the theory of this naive feminism that was wrong. Sow was its strategy and vision for change. That strategy and vision rested on the assumption, implicit or stated outright, that women were morally superior to men. We had a lot of debates over whether it was biology or conditioning that gave women the moral edge or simply the experience of being a woman in a sexist culture. But the assumption of superiority, or at least a lesser inclination toward the cruelty and violence, was more or less beyond debate. After all, women do most of the caring work in our culture, and in polls are consistently less inclined toward war than men.
I'm not the only one wrestling with that assumption today. Mary Jo Melone, a columnist for the St. Petersburg Times, wrote on May 7:
I can't get that picture of England [pointing at a hooded Iraqi man's genitals] out of my head because that is not how women are expected to behave. Feminism taught me thirty years ago that not only had women gotten a raw deal from men, we were morally superior to them.
If that assumption had been accurate, then all we would have had to do to make the world a better place--kinder, less violent, more just--would have been to assimilate into what had been, for so many centuries, the world of men. We would fight so that women could become generals, CEOs, senators, professors, and opinion-makers and that was really the only fight we had to undertake. Because once they've gained power and authority, once they have achieved a critical mass within the institutions of society, women would naturally work for change. That's what we thought, even if we thought it unconsciously and it's just not true. Women can do the unthinkable.
You can't even argue, in the case or Abu Ghraib, that the problem was that there just weren't enough women in the military hierarchy to stop the abuses. The prison was directed by a woman, Brig. Gen. Janis Karpinski. The top U.S. intelligence officer in Iraq, who was also responsible for reviewing the status of detainees before their release, was Major Gen. Barbara Fast. And the U.S. official ultimately responsible for managing the occupation of Iraq since October was Condoleezza Rice. Like Donald H. Rumsfeld, she ignored repeated reports of abuse and torture until the undeniable photographic evidence emerged.
What we have learned from Abu Ghraib, once and for all, is that a uterus is not a substitute for a conscience. This doesn't mean gender equality isn't worth fighting for for its own sake. It is. If we believe in democracy, then we believe in a woman's right to do and achieve whatever men can do and achieve, even the bad things. It's just that gender equality cannot, all alone, bring about a just and peaceful world.
In fact, we have to realize, in all humanity, that the kind of feminism based on an assumption of female moral superiority is not only naive; it also is a lazy and self-indulgent form of feminism. Self-indulgent because it assumes that a victory for a woman, a promotion, a college degree, the right to serve alongside men in the military, is by its very nature a victory for all humanity. And lazy because it assumes that we have only one struggle--the struggle for gender equality--when in fact we have many more.
The struggles for peace and social justice and against imperialist and racist arrogance, cannot, I am truly sorry to say, be folded into a struggle for gender equality.
What we need is a tough new kind of feminism with no illusions. Women do not change institutions simply by assimilating into them, only by consciously deciding to fight for change. We need a feminism that teaches a woman to say no, not just to the date rapist or overly insistent boyfriend, but, when necessary, to the military or corporate hierarchy within which she finds herself.
In short, we need a kind of feminism that aims not just to assimilate into the institutions that men have created over the centuries, but to infiltrate and subvert them.
To cite an old, and far from naive, feminist saying: "If you think equality is the goal, your standards are too low." It is not enough to be equal to men, when the men are acting like beasts. It is not enough to assimilate. We need to create a world worth assimilating into.
The most pivotal statement:
The struggles for peace and social justice and against imperialist and racist arrogance, cannot, I am truly sorry to say, be folded into a struggle for gender equality.
You know and here all weekend I was thinking about the failures of the academy to address feminist issues and now the point seems so moot. There is more to say, but alas I am at work with no time to do so.
Feminism's Assumptions Upended
Barbara Ehrenreich
Even those people we might have thought were impervious to shame, like the secretary of Defense, admit that the photos of abuse in Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison turned their stomachs.
The photos did something else to me, as a feminist: They broke my heart. I had no illusions about the U.S. mission in Iraq--whatever exactly it is--but it turns out that I did have some illusions about women.
Of the seven U.S. soldiers now charged with sickening formsof abuse in Abu Ghraib, three are women: Spc. Megan Ambuhl, Pfc. Lynndie England, and Spc. Sabrina Harman.
It was Harman we saw smiling an impish little smile and giving the thumbs-up from behind a pile of hooded, naked Iraqi men as if to say, "Hi Mom, here I am in Abu Ghraib!" It was England we saw with a naked Iraqi man on a leash. If you were doing PR for al-Qaeda, you couldn't have staged a better picture to galvanize misogynistic Islamic fundamentalists around the world.
Here, in these photos from Abu Ghraib, you have everything that the Islamic fundamentalists believe characterizes Western culture, all nicely arranged in one hideous image of imperial arrogance, sexual depravity, and gender equality.
Maybe I shouldn't have been so shocked. We know that good people can do terrible things under the right circumstances. This is what psychologist Stanley Milgram found in his famous experiments in the 1960s. In all likelihood Ambuhl, England, and Harman are not congenitally evil people. They are working-class women who wanted an education and knew that the military could be a steppingstone in that direction. Once they had joined, they wanted to fit in.
And I also shouldn't be surprised because I never believed that women were innately gentler and less aggressive than men. Like most feminists, I have supported full opportunity for women within the military 1) because I knew women could fight and 2) because the military is one of the few options around for low-income people.
Although I opposed the 1991 Persian Gulf War, I was proud of our servicewomen and delighted that their presence irked their Saudi hosts. Secretly, I hoped that the presence of women would over time change the military, making it more respectful of other people and cultures, more capable of genuine peacekeeping. That's what I thought, but I don't think that anymore.
A certain kind of feminism, or perhaps I should say a certain kind of feminist naiveté, died in Abu Ghraib. It was a feminism that saw men as perpetual perpetrators, women as the perpetual victims, and male sexual violence against women as the root of all injustice. Rape has repeatedly been an instrument of war and, to some feminists, it was beginning to look as if war was an extension of rape. There seemed to at least be some evidence that male sexual sadism was connected to our species tragic propensity for violence. That was before we had seen female sexual sadism in action.
But it's not just the theory of this naive feminism that was wrong. Sow was its strategy and vision for change. That strategy and vision rested on the assumption, implicit or stated outright, that women were morally superior to men. We had a lot of debates over whether it was biology or conditioning that gave women the moral edge or simply the experience of being a woman in a sexist culture. But the assumption of superiority, or at least a lesser inclination toward the cruelty and violence, was more or less beyond debate. After all, women do most of the caring work in our culture, and in polls are consistently less inclined toward war than men.
I'm not the only one wrestling with that assumption today. Mary Jo Melone, a columnist for the St. Petersburg Times, wrote on May 7:
I can't get that picture of England [pointing at a hooded Iraqi man's genitals] out of my head because that is not how women are expected to behave. Feminism taught me thirty years ago that not only had women gotten a raw deal from men, we were morally superior to them.
If that assumption had been accurate, then all we would have had to do to make the world a better place--kinder, less violent, more just--would have been to assimilate into what had been, for so many centuries, the world of men. We would fight so that women could become generals, CEOs, senators, professors, and opinion-makers and that was really the only fight we had to undertake. Because once they've gained power and authority, once they have achieved a critical mass within the institutions of society, women would naturally work for change. That's what we thought, even if we thought it unconsciously and it's just not true. Women can do the unthinkable.
You can't even argue, in the case or Abu Ghraib, that the problem was that there just weren't enough women in the military hierarchy to stop the abuses. The prison was directed by a woman, Brig. Gen. Janis Karpinski. The top U.S. intelligence officer in Iraq, who was also responsible for reviewing the status of detainees before their release, was Major Gen. Barbara Fast. And the U.S. official ultimately responsible for managing the occupation of Iraq since October was Condoleezza Rice. Like Donald H. Rumsfeld, she ignored repeated reports of abuse and torture until the undeniable photographic evidence emerged.
What we have learned from Abu Ghraib, once and for all, is that a uterus is not a substitute for a conscience. This doesn't mean gender equality isn't worth fighting for for its own sake. It is. If we believe in democracy, then we believe in a woman's right to do and achieve whatever men can do and achieve, even the bad things. It's just that gender equality cannot, all alone, bring about a just and peaceful world.
In fact, we have to realize, in all humanity, that the kind of feminism based on an assumption of female moral superiority is not only naive; it also is a lazy and self-indulgent form of feminism. Self-indulgent because it assumes that a victory for a woman, a promotion, a college degree, the right to serve alongside men in the military, is by its very nature a victory for all humanity. And lazy because it assumes that we have only one struggle--the struggle for gender equality--when in fact we have many more.
The struggles for peace and social justice and against imperialist and racist arrogance, cannot, I am truly sorry to say, be folded into a struggle for gender equality.
What we need is a tough new kind of feminism with no illusions. Women do not change institutions simply by assimilating into them, only by consciously deciding to fight for change. We need a feminism that teaches a woman to say no, not just to the date rapist or overly insistent boyfriend, but, when necessary, to the military or corporate hierarchy within which she finds herself.
In short, we need a kind of feminism that aims not just to assimilate into the institutions that men have created over the centuries, but to infiltrate and subvert them.
To cite an old, and far from naive, feminist saying: "If you think equality is the goal, your standards are too low." It is not enough to be equal to men, when the men are acting like beasts. It is not enough to assimilate. We need to create a world worth assimilating into.
The most pivotal statement:
The struggles for peace and social justice and against imperialist and racist arrogance, cannot, I am truly sorry to say, be folded into a struggle for gender equality.
You know and here all weekend I was thinking about the failures of the academy to address feminist issues and now the point seems so moot. There is more to say, but alas I am at work with no time to do so.