(no subject)
В детстве Алиса была очень дружна с братом принцем Уэлльским и старшей сестрой Викторией и была расстроена, когда та вышла замуж за Фридриха Прусского в 1858 . С братом она дружила до конца жизни. Сострадание Алисы к стараниям других людей сделали ее главной сиделкой в семье. Ее бабушка виктория, мама королевы виктории, герцогиня кентская, умерла Алиса проводила пости все время у постели умирающей, и часто играла ей на пианино и был при нгей сиделкой во время последней болезни. Королева слегла от горя и Алиса поддерживала ее изо всех сил, Альберт ей говорил - Иди успокой маму. Королева писала дяде Лопольду6 "Дорогая Алиса полна горячей нежности, крайне меня утешала и огорчалась за меня".
Несколько месяцев спустя в Виндзоре усмерр Альюерт - супруг королевы. Алиса оставалась при нем. После смуцрти Альюберта королева и весь двор вступили в строгий траур, так что Алиса первые полгода после смерти отца практически вела все дела королевы - через нее проходили все официальные бумаги ей помогалаа в этом младшая сестра луиза - королева в то время уединилаь от мира.
Королева была шокирована тем, что Алиса сама кормила грудью своих детей, а такжже интерсовалась вопросами гинекологии и другими медицинскими знаниями. К тому же королева досадовала на частые просьбы Алисой денег, а также е раздражалао, что во время визитов в Британию Алиса всегда старалась ее "развеселить", что проведшая всю жизнь в трауре по мужу королева считала неместным - она вполне довольствовалась своим трауром.
Потом ее сын Фритти выпал из окна - скорее всего, он страдал гемофилией. Алиса не смогла смириться и постоянно скучала по погибшему сыну. Она жаловоалась на это королеве Виктории, но та бюыла больше озабочена тем. чтобы выдать сына Альберта на русской вел.кн. Марии Русский царь не захотел отправить Марию одну на "смотрины" в АнглиЮ вместо этого он предложил королеве встрети тьься в Германии. Алиса поддерживала эту идею, но мать корлева отвечала ей с недовольством: Ты совершенно на стороне русских в этом деле! кажется, дорогое дитя, ты не должна указывать мне. что мне делать...".
После смерти Фритти Алиса усилила заботу о единстенном живом сыне Эрни и младшей дочери Мей (Мари). В 1875 она возобновила социальную работу, сбор средств, медицинские и социальные приюты, что всегда ее интересовало. Она переписывалась часто с реформаторшей Октавией Хилл. Однако за эти гооды разрушились ее отношения с мужем. Из балморала она писала мужу: "Если бы мои дети писали мне такие детские письма - тлолько о том, что они ели и где были - и никаких размышлений, замечаний, замет- я была бы удивлена - тем более я удивлена что ты пишешь такие детские письма! Позже она написала ему еще более сурово: "Я стремилась к отношениям глубоким, истинным, потому что помимо этого, Дармштадт ничего не может мне предложить ... Итак, я, естественно, горько разочарована своей жизни, когда оглядываюсь на свое проошлое, - я вижу теерь, что несмотряч на огромные амбиции, добрые рнамерения, и сероьезные усилия, все мои надежды, тем не менее, потерпели крушение... ты пишешь милый. что ни за что бы рамеренно не хотел бы прчинить мне непричтность но мне жаль, чо уттебя нет ни желания, ни искреннего интереса ко мне. Впрочем.ю что толку говорить об этом. Твои письма такие добрые и милые - но в них одна пустота, равнодушие! - и мне кажется, что нам совсем нечего сказать друг другу.
continued unpopularity in Darmstadt, coupled with her mother not wanting her in England, caused strain, and she and her children spent July and August in Houlgate, Normandy, where Louis often visited them.[57] She was hurt by her reputation in Darmstadt, and she became increasingly bitter towards it; Louis wrote in August 1877 expressing the hope that "bitterness of the salt water will drive away the bitterness that you still feel against Darmstadt. Please my darling, don't speak so harshly of it when I come to join you - it would quite spoil my happiness at seeing you again."[58]
Alice took Louis's letter to heart, responding: "I shall certainly say nothing to you about Darmstadt when you come...I have no intention of saying anything unpleasant, least of all to you. You shake off anything unpleasant like a poodle shaking off the water when it comes to the sea - natures like yours are the happiest in themselves, but they are not made to help, comfort and advise others, nor to share with others the heat of life's noon-day or the cool of the evening, with insight, understanding and sympathy."[59] In response, Louis sent a letter that "made [Alice] cry", and after this letter, Alice's letters to Louis were more encouraging, assuring him of his ability to make decisions by himself.[60]
Alice and Louis's return to Darmstadt as Grand Duke and Duchess was met with celebration that Alice did not expect.[61] However, she found her duties overwhelming, writing to her mother that she "dreaded everything".[62] Alice used her new role to reform the social conditions of Darmstadt, but found the responsibility of being Landesmutter (mother of her people) strenuous. In another letter to her mother, she wrote that her duties were "more than she could stand in the long run".[63] She was distressed by a rumour that she was once unkind to Louis's aunt, the dowager Grand Duchess Mathilde, and she was hurt by an unkind letter from Queen Victoria. Alice complained to Louis that the letter "made me cry with anger...I wish I were dead and it probably will not be too long before I give Mama that pleasure."[64] However, no mention is made of what provoked this angry outburst.[65]
Christmas 1877 provided respite for Alice, as all the family gathered together again, and she doted on her youngest daughter Marie. She was too exhausted to attend the wedding of her niece, Princess Charlotte of Prussia, in Berlin, in January 1878. Instead, she involved herself in the arts and sciences and distanced herself from society protocols. However, she continued to feel the burden of her duties.[41] In the Autumn of 1878, Queen Victoria paid for the Grand Ducal family to holiday in Eastbourne, where they stayed in a house on the Grand Parade. Alice performed various royal duties on this trip and visited her mother at Osborne before returning to the New Palace at Darmstadt in late 1878.[66]
Final illnessIn November 1878, the Grand Ducal household fell ill with diphtheria. Alice's eldest daughter Victoria was the first to fall ill, complaining of a stiff neck in the evening of 5 November. Diphtheria was diagnosed the following morning, and soon the disease spread to Alice's children Alix, Marie, Irene and Ernest. Her husband Louis became infected shortly thereafter. Elizabeth was the only child to not fall ill, having been sent away by Alice to the palace of the Princess Charles, her mother-in-law.[67]
Marie became seriously ill on 15 November, and Alice was called to her bedside. However, she was too late; Marie choked to death by the time Alice arrived. She was distraught, writing to Queen Victoria that the "pain is beyond words".[68] For several weeks, Alice kept the news of Marie's death secret from her children, but she finally told Ernest in early December. His reaction was even worse than she had anticipated, and at first, he refused to believe it. As he sat up crying, Alice broke her rule about physical contact with the ill and gave him a kiss.[69] At first, however, Alice did not fall ill. She met her sister Victoria as the latter was passing through Darmstadt on the way to England, and wrote to her mother with "a hint of resumed cheerfulness" on the same day.[69] However, by Saturday, 14 December, the anniversary of her father's death, she became seriously ill with the diphtheria caught from her son. Her last words were "dear Papa", and she fell unconscious at 2:30 am.[70] Just after 8:30 am, she died.[68] Alice was buried on 18 December 1878 at the Grand Ducal mausoleum at Rosenhöhe outside Darmstadt, with the Union Jack draped over her coffin.[71] A special monument of Alice and her daughter Marie was erected there by Joseph Boehm.[1]
She was the first child of Queen Victoria to die; her mother outlived her by more than 20 years, outliving two more of her children - Leopold and Alfred - in the process.[72]
Legacy
Alice memorial at the Sankt-Ludwigs-Kirche, DarmstadtAlice's death had an emotional effect both in Britain and Hesse. The Times wrote: "The humblest of people felt that they had the kinship of nature with a Princess who was the model of family virtue as a daughter, a sister, a wife and a mother...Her abundant sympathies sought for objects of help in the great unknown waste of human distress".[71] The Illustrated London News wrote that the "lesson of the late Princess's life is as noble as it is obvious. Moral worth is far more important than high position".[71] The death was also heavily felt by the royal family, especially by Alice's brother and sister-in-law, the Prince and Princess of Wales. The Princess of Wales, upon meeting the Queen after Alice's death, exclaimed "I wish I had died instead of her".[73] The Prince, meanwhile, wrote to the Earl of Granville that Alice "was my favourite sister. So good, so kind, so clever! We had gone through so much together..."[74]
Queen Victoria, shocked by grief, wrote to her daughter Princess Victoria: "My precious child, who stood by me and upheld me seventeen years ago on the same day taken, and by such an awful and fearful disease...She had darling Papa's nature, and much of his self-sacrificing character and fearless and entire devotion to duty!" The animosity that Victoria had towards Alice was no longer present.[75] Princess Victoria expressed her grief to her mother in a 39-page letter, and deeply mourned Alice, the sister to whom she was closest. However, both she and her husband were forbidden from attending the funeral by the Emperor of Germany, who was worried about their safety.[76]
Alice's descendants went on to play significant roles in world history. Her fourth daughter, Alix, married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia; Alix passed her mother's gene for haemophilia on to her son, the crown prince Tsarevich Alexei. Alix, her husband, and her children were shot and killed by the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Similarly, Alice's second daughter, Elizabeth, who married Grand Duke Sergei of Russia, was murdered in 1918. Alice's grandson, Louis Mountbatten, was the last Viceroy of India,[77] and her great-grandson, Prince Philip of Greece, married Queen Elizabeth II.
The Alice Hospital, which she founded in Darmstadt, treated the city's sick and wounded. The organisation continued to flourish long after Alice's death, and in 1953, her grandson Louis gave a lecture on the hospital. He spoke highly of Alice, for whom "the point of departure always remained a human being who was ill and needed help, and his needs in war and peace. At his side stood the person willing to give help, wishing to ameliorate his needs and for this purpose could make use of an organisation which was becoming more and more streamlined."[78] Among Alice's other establishments were the Alice Society for Women's Training and Industry, for the purpose of educating women, and the Princess Alice Women's Guild, where nurses were trained. These organisations were especially active and important during the Austro-Prussian war, but the time Alice dedicated to them annoyed her husband, who saw them as consuming his wife's time at his expense.[79]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Coat of Arms of Princess Alice as Princess of the United Kingdom.Titles and styles25 April 1843 - 1 July 1862: Her Royal Highness The Princess Alice
1 July 1862 - 13 June 1877: Her Royal Highness Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine
13 June 1877 - 14 December 1878: Her Royal Highness The Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
Honours1 January 1878: Companion of the Order of the Crown of India[80]
ArmsIn 1858, Alice and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, and differenced by a label argent of three points. On Alice's arms, the outer points bore an ermine spot each, and the centre bore a rose gules.[81]
ChildrenFor more details on this topic, see Grandchildren of Victoria and Albert.
Name Birth Death Notes
Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Matilda Mary 5 April 1863 24 September 1950 Married Prince Louis of Battenberg, later Marquess of Milford Haven (24 May 1854 - 11 September 1921) and had issue.
Elisabeth Alexandra Louise Alice 1 November 1864 18 July 1918 † Took the name Yelisaveta Fyodorovna on her baptism into the Russian Orthodox Church, m. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (11 May 1857 - 17 February 1905), son of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and had no issue. Had been courted by her first cousin, William II, German Emperor, but rejected him.
Irene Louise Mary Anne 11 July 1866 11 November 1953 Married her first cousin Prince Henry of Prussia, (14 August 1862 - 20 April 1929), son of Frederick III, German Emperor and had issue. Irene passed haemophilia on to two of her three sons: Prince Waldemar of Prussia and Prince Henry of Prussia.
Ernest Louis Charles Albert William 25 November 1868 9 October 1937 Succeeded as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 13 March 1892; abdicated 9 November 1918; married his first cousin HRH Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (25 November 1876 - 2 March 1936) and had issue, divorced in 1903; married HH Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (17 September 1871 - 16 November 1937) and had issue.
Frederick William Augustus Victor Leopold Louis 7 October 1870 29 May 1873 Suffered from haemophilia and died from internal bleeding after a fall from a window at the age of two and a half.
Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice 6 June 1872 17 July 1918 † Took the name Alexandra Fyodorovna on her baptism into the Russian Orthodox Church, m. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (18 May 1868 - 17 July 1918 †), and had issue. Their only son, Tsarevich Alexei, suffered from haemophilia.
Marie Victoria Feodore Leopoldine 24 May 1874 16 November 1878 Died from diphtheria.
† killed in the events that followed the Bolshevik Revolution
Ancestors[show]Ancestors of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
16. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
8. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
17. Duchess Sophia Antonia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
4. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
18. Henry XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf
9. Princess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf
19. Countess Caroline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg
2. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
20. Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
10. Emil, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
21. Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen
5. Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
22. Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
11. Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
23. Louise of Saxe-Gotha
1. Alice of the United Kingdom
24. Frederick, Prince of Wales
12. George III of the United Kingdom
25. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
6. Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
26. Charles Louis Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Mirow
13. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
27. Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen
3. Victoria of the United Kingdom
28. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 16)
14. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 8)
29. Duchess Sophia Antonia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (= 17)
7. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
30. Henry XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 18)
15. Princess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 9)
31. Countess Caroline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg (= 19)
Notes1.^ a b Reynolds, K. D. (2004-8). "Princess Alice". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/347?docPos=1. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
2.^ Packard, p. 25
3.^ a b Packard, p. 26
4.^ Princess Christian, p. 13
5.^ London Gazette: no. 20231, p. 1889, 6 June 1843. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
6.^ Van der Kiste, p. 22
7.^ Van der Kiste, p. 23
8.^ Packard, p. 64
9.^ Van der Kiste, p. 28
10.^ Packard, p. 50
11.^ Packard, p. 51
12.^ a b Packard, p. 87
13.^ Benson, p. 66
14.^ Magnus, p. 52
15.^ Zeepvat, p. 42
16.^ Packard, p. 102
17.^ Packard, 102
18.^ a b Packard, p. 77
19.^ a b Packard, p. 78
20.^ Packard, p.79
21.^ Pakula, p. 138
22.^ a b Pakula, p. 139
23.^ London Gazette: no. 22507, p. 1889, 3 May 1861.
24.^ According to the Measuringworth currency converter, 30,000 pounds sterling in 1861 would be worth about two to three million pounds in 2008, about 140,000 United States dollars in 1861 and over twenty times that many dollars in 2008.
25.^ Packard, pp. 88-89
26.^ Packard, p. 89
27.^ Packard, p. 104
28.^ Van der Kiste, p. 52
29.^ a b Noel, p. 95
30.^ Noel, p. 96.
31.^ Noel, p. 106
32.^ a b c Noel, p. 107
33.^ Alice, p. 28
34.^ Noel, p. 108
35.^ a b Packard, p. 119
36.^ Noel, p. 115
37.^ Packard, p. 121
38.^ a b Packard, p. 122
39.^ Noel, p. 131
40.^ Noel, p. 132
41.^ a b Noel, p. 233
42.^ a b Packard, 123
43.^ a b Packard, p. 159
44.^ Packard, pp. 159-160
45.^ Noel, p. 182
46.^ Noel, p. 183
47.^ Noel, p. 160
48.^ Noel, p. 168
49.^ Noel, p. 173
50.^ Packard, 158
51.^ Packard, p. 156
52.^ Packard, p. 161
53.^ a b Noel, p. 215
54.^ a b Noel, p. 223
55.^ Quoted in Noel, pp. 224-225
56.^ Noel, p. 225
57.^ Noel, p. 226
58.^ Quoted in Noel, p. 227
59.^ Quoted in Noel, pp. 227-228
60.^ Noel, p. 228
61.^ Noel, p. 229
62.^ Packard, p. 165
63.^ Quoted in Packard, p. 165
64.^ Packard, p. 165-66
65.^ Noel, p. 231
66.^ Noel, pp. 233-234
67.^ Packard, p. 166
68.^ a b Packard, p. 167
69.^ a b Noel, p. 239
70.^ "Death Of The Grand Duchess Of Hesse". The Times. 16 December 1878.
71.^ a b c Noel, p. 241
72.^ [1]
73.^ Noel, p. 240
74.^ Martin, p. 113
75.^ Packard, p. 169
76.^ Packard, p. 170
77.^ Ziegler, Philip (2004). "Louis Mountbatten, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31480?docPos=4. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
78.^ Quoted in Noel, p. 141.
79.^ Packard, p. 157
80.^ London Gazette: no. 24539, p. 113, 4 January 1878. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
81.^ "British Royal Cadency". Heraldica. 2007. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
ReferencesAlice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, Letters to Her Majesty the Queen. London: John Murray. 1885.
Noel, Gerard (1985). Princess Alice: Queen Victoria's forgotten daughter. London: Constable and Company Limited. ISBN 0-09-465980-X.
Packard, Jerrold M. (1998). Victoria's Daughters. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-24496-7.
Martin, Theodore (1908). Queen Victoria as I knew her. W. Blackwood.
Pakula, Hannah (1995). An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-623-7.
Van der Kiste, John (1986, 2003). Queen Victoria's Children. Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-3476-X.
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
Alexander Palace Time Machine - Princess Alice of Hesse and by Rhine
Historical Images of Princess Alice Monument at Frogmore Mausoleum
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 25 April 1843 Died: 14 December 1878
German royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
13 June 1877 - 14 December 1878 Vacant
Title next held by
Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
[show]v · d · eBritish princesses
The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British Royal Family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.
1st generation Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia
2nd generation Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange · The Princess Amelia · The Princess Caroline · Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel · Louise, Queen of Denmark and Norway
3rd generation Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick · Princess Elizabeth · Princess Louisa · Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway
4th generation Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg · The Princess Augusta Sophia · Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg · Sophia of Gloucester · Caroline of Gloucester · Mary, Duchess of Gloucester · The Princess Sophia · The Princess Amelia
5th generation Charlotte Augusta, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld · Frederica of Hanover · Charlotte of Clarence · Victoria · Elizabeth of Clarence · Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz · Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
6th generation Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress · Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse · Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein · Frederica, Baroness Alfons von Pawel-Rammingen · Louise, Duchess of Argyll · Marie of Cumberland · Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
7th generation Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife · The Princess Victoria · Maud, Queen of Norway · Marie, Queen of Romania · Victoria Melita, Grand Duchess of Hesse · Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg · Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden · Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden · Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin · Alice, Countess of Athlone · Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera · Olga of Hanover · Patricia of Connaught
8th generation Alexandra, Duchess of Fife · Maud, Countess of Southesk · Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood · Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten · Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha · Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes
9th generation Elizabeth II · Margaret, Countess of Snowdon · Alexandra, The Hon Lady Ogilvy
10th generation Anne, Princess Royal
11th generation Beatrice of York · Eugenie of York · Lady Louise Windsor
[show]v · d · ePrincesses (by birth) of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, duchesses in Saxony
1st generation none
2nd generation Victoria, Duchess of Nemours · Charlotte, Empress of Mexico*
3rd generation Victoria, German Empress** · Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine** · Helena, Princess Christian of Scheswig-Holstein** · Louise, Duchess of Argyll** · Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg** · Clotilde, Archduchess Joseph Karl of Austria · Amalie, Duchess Maximilian Emanuel in Bavaria · Louise-Marie, Princess of Kohary* · Stéphanie, Crown Princess of Austria* · Henriette, Duchess of Vendôme* · Princess Joséphine-Marie* · Clémentine, Princess Napoléon* · Joséphine-Caroline, Princess Karl Anton of Hohenzollern*
4th generation Louise, Duchess of Fife** · Princess Victoria** · Maud, Queen of Norway** · Marie, Queen of Romania** · Victoria Melita, Grand Duchess Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia** · Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg** · Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera** · Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden** · Lady Patricia Ramsay** · Alice, Countess of Athlone** · Dorothea, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg · Marie-José, Queen of Italy*
5th generation Mary, Countess of Harewood** · Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten** · Caroline Mathilde, Countess of Castell-Rüdenhausen** · Princess Clementine, Mrs. Edward von Heller · Princess Maria Caroline · Theresia, Freifrau von Taxis di Bordogna e Valnigra · Princess Leopoldine · Princess Maria Immaculata · Josephine, Freifrau von Baratta-Dragono
6th generation Princess Claudia, Mrs. Gion Schäfer · Beatrice Charlotte, Princess of Saxe-Meiningen
7th generation Princess Stephanie · Princess Felicitas Franziska, Mrs. Sergei Trotzki
* also a princess of Belgium
** also a princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
[show]v · d · ePrincesses of Hesse and by Rhine by marriage
1st generation Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
2nd generation Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria
3rd generation Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
4th generation none
5th generation Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark · Margaret Campbell-Geddes*
*did not have a royal or noble title by birth
Persondata
Несколько месяцев спустя в Виндзоре усмерр Альюерт - супруг королевы. Алиса оставалась при нем. После смуцрти Альюберта королева и весь двор вступили в строгий траур, так что Алиса первые полгода после смерти отца практически вела все дела королевы - через нее проходили все официальные бумаги ей помогалаа в этом младшая сестра луиза - королева в то время уединилаь от мира.
Королева была шокирована тем, что Алиса сама кормила грудью своих детей, а такжже интерсовалась вопросами гинекологии и другими медицинскими знаниями. К тому же королева досадовала на частые просьбы Алисой денег, а также е раздражалао, что во время визитов в Британию Алиса всегда старалась ее "развеселить", что проведшая всю жизнь в трауре по мужу королева считала неместным - она вполне довольствовалась своим трауром.
Потом ее сын Фритти выпал из окна - скорее всего, он страдал гемофилией. Алиса не смогла смириться и постоянно скучала по погибшему сыну. Она жаловоалась на это королеве Виктории, но та бюыла больше озабочена тем. чтобы выдать сына Альберта на русской вел.кн. Марии Русский царь не захотел отправить Марию одну на "смотрины" в АнглиЮ вместо этого он предложил королеве встрети тьься в Германии. Алиса поддерживала эту идею, но мать корлева отвечала ей с недовольством: Ты совершенно на стороне русских в этом деле! кажется, дорогое дитя, ты не должна указывать мне. что мне делать...".
После смерти Фритти Алиса усилила заботу о единстенном живом сыне Эрни и младшей дочери Мей (Мари). В 1875 она возобновила социальную работу, сбор средств, медицинские и социальные приюты, что всегда ее интересовало. Она переписывалась часто с реформаторшей Октавией Хилл. Однако за эти гооды разрушились ее отношения с мужем. Из балморала она писала мужу: "Если бы мои дети писали мне такие детские письма - тлолько о том, что они ели и где были - и никаких размышлений, замечаний, замет- я была бы удивлена - тем более я удивлена что ты пишешь такие детские письма! Позже она написала ему еще более сурово: "Я стремилась к отношениям глубоким, истинным, потому что помимо этого, Дармштадт ничего не может мне предложить ... Итак, я, естественно, горько разочарована своей жизни, когда оглядываюсь на свое проошлое, - я вижу теерь, что несмотряч на огромные амбиции, добрые рнамерения, и сероьезные усилия, все мои надежды, тем не менее, потерпели крушение... ты пишешь милый. что ни за что бы рамеренно не хотел бы прчинить мне непричтность но мне жаль, чо уттебя нет ни желания, ни искреннего интереса ко мне. Впрочем.ю что толку говорить об этом. Твои письма такие добрые и милые - но в них одна пустота, равнодушие! - и мне кажется, что нам совсем нечего сказать друг другу.
continued unpopularity in Darmstadt, coupled with her mother not wanting her in England, caused strain, and she and her children spent July and August in Houlgate, Normandy, where Louis often visited them.[57] She was hurt by her reputation in Darmstadt, and she became increasingly bitter towards it; Louis wrote in August 1877 expressing the hope that "bitterness of the salt water will drive away the bitterness that you still feel against Darmstadt. Please my darling, don't speak so harshly of it when I come to join you - it would quite spoil my happiness at seeing you again."[58]
Alice took Louis's letter to heart, responding: "I shall certainly say nothing to you about Darmstadt when you come...I have no intention of saying anything unpleasant, least of all to you. You shake off anything unpleasant like a poodle shaking off the water when it comes to the sea - natures like yours are the happiest in themselves, but they are not made to help, comfort and advise others, nor to share with others the heat of life's noon-day or the cool of the evening, with insight, understanding and sympathy."[59] In response, Louis sent a letter that "made [Alice] cry", and after this letter, Alice's letters to Louis were more encouraging, assuring him of his ability to make decisions by himself.[60]
Alice and Louis's return to Darmstadt as Grand Duke and Duchess was met with celebration that Alice did not expect.[61] However, she found her duties overwhelming, writing to her mother that she "dreaded everything".[62] Alice used her new role to reform the social conditions of Darmstadt, but found the responsibility of being Landesmutter (mother of her people) strenuous. In another letter to her mother, she wrote that her duties were "more than she could stand in the long run".[63] She was distressed by a rumour that she was once unkind to Louis's aunt, the dowager Grand Duchess Mathilde, and she was hurt by an unkind letter from Queen Victoria. Alice complained to Louis that the letter "made me cry with anger...I wish I were dead and it probably will not be too long before I give Mama that pleasure."[64] However, no mention is made of what provoked this angry outburst.[65]
Christmas 1877 provided respite for Alice, as all the family gathered together again, and she doted on her youngest daughter Marie. She was too exhausted to attend the wedding of her niece, Princess Charlotte of Prussia, in Berlin, in January 1878. Instead, she involved herself in the arts and sciences and distanced herself from society protocols. However, she continued to feel the burden of her duties.[41] In the Autumn of 1878, Queen Victoria paid for the Grand Ducal family to holiday in Eastbourne, where they stayed in a house on the Grand Parade. Alice performed various royal duties on this trip and visited her mother at Osborne before returning to the New Palace at Darmstadt in late 1878.[66]
Final illnessIn November 1878, the Grand Ducal household fell ill with diphtheria. Alice's eldest daughter Victoria was the first to fall ill, complaining of a stiff neck in the evening of 5 November. Diphtheria was diagnosed the following morning, and soon the disease spread to Alice's children Alix, Marie, Irene and Ernest. Her husband Louis became infected shortly thereafter. Elizabeth was the only child to not fall ill, having been sent away by Alice to the palace of the Princess Charles, her mother-in-law.[67]
Marie became seriously ill on 15 November, and Alice was called to her bedside. However, she was too late; Marie choked to death by the time Alice arrived. She was distraught, writing to Queen Victoria that the "pain is beyond words".[68] For several weeks, Alice kept the news of Marie's death secret from her children, but she finally told Ernest in early December. His reaction was even worse than she had anticipated, and at first, he refused to believe it. As he sat up crying, Alice broke her rule about physical contact with the ill and gave him a kiss.[69] At first, however, Alice did not fall ill. She met her sister Victoria as the latter was passing through Darmstadt on the way to England, and wrote to her mother with "a hint of resumed cheerfulness" on the same day.[69] However, by Saturday, 14 December, the anniversary of her father's death, she became seriously ill with the diphtheria caught from her son. Her last words were "dear Papa", and she fell unconscious at 2:30 am.[70] Just after 8:30 am, she died.[68] Alice was buried on 18 December 1878 at the Grand Ducal mausoleum at Rosenhöhe outside Darmstadt, with the Union Jack draped over her coffin.[71] A special monument of Alice and her daughter Marie was erected there by Joseph Boehm.[1]
She was the first child of Queen Victoria to die; her mother outlived her by more than 20 years, outliving two more of her children - Leopold and Alfred - in the process.[72]
Legacy
Alice memorial at the Sankt-Ludwigs-Kirche, DarmstadtAlice's death had an emotional effect both in Britain and Hesse. The Times wrote: "The humblest of people felt that they had the kinship of nature with a Princess who was the model of family virtue as a daughter, a sister, a wife and a mother...Her abundant sympathies sought for objects of help in the great unknown waste of human distress".[71] The Illustrated London News wrote that the "lesson of the late Princess's life is as noble as it is obvious. Moral worth is far more important than high position".[71] The death was also heavily felt by the royal family, especially by Alice's brother and sister-in-law, the Prince and Princess of Wales. The Princess of Wales, upon meeting the Queen after Alice's death, exclaimed "I wish I had died instead of her".[73] The Prince, meanwhile, wrote to the Earl of Granville that Alice "was my favourite sister. So good, so kind, so clever! We had gone through so much together..."[74]
Queen Victoria, shocked by grief, wrote to her daughter Princess Victoria: "My precious child, who stood by me and upheld me seventeen years ago on the same day taken, and by such an awful and fearful disease...She had darling Papa's nature, and much of his self-sacrificing character and fearless and entire devotion to duty!" The animosity that Victoria had towards Alice was no longer present.[75] Princess Victoria expressed her grief to her mother in a 39-page letter, and deeply mourned Alice, the sister to whom she was closest. However, both she and her husband were forbidden from attending the funeral by the Emperor of Germany, who was worried about their safety.[76]
Alice's descendants went on to play significant roles in world history. Her fourth daughter, Alix, married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia; Alix passed her mother's gene for haemophilia on to her son, the crown prince Tsarevich Alexei. Alix, her husband, and her children were shot and killed by the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Similarly, Alice's second daughter, Elizabeth, who married Grand Duke Sergei of Russia, was murdered in 1918. Alice's grandson, Louis Mountbatten, was the last Viceroy of India,[77] and her great-grandson, Prince Philip of Greece, married Queen Elizabeth II.
The Alice Hospital, which she founded in Darmstadt, treated the city's sick and wounded. The organisation continued to flourish long after Alice's death, and in 1953, her grandson Louis gave a lecture on the hospital. He spoke highly of Alice, for whom "the point of departure always remained a human being who was ill and needed help, and his needs in war and peace. At his side stood the person willing to give help, wishing to ameliorate his needs and for this purpose could make use of an organisation which was becoming more and more streamlined."[78] Among Alice's other establishments were the Alice Society for Women's Training and Industry, for the purpose of educating women, and the Princess Alice Women's Guild, where nurses were trained. These organisations were especially active and important during the Austro-Prussian war, but the time Alice dedicated to them annoyed her husband, who saw them as consuming his wife's time at his expense.[79]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Coat of Arms of Princess Alice as Princess of the United Kingdom.Titles and styles25 April 1843 - 1 July 1862: Her Royal Highness The Princess Alice
1 July 1862 - 13 June 1877: Her Royal Highness Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine
13 June 1877 - 14 December 1878: Her Royal Highness The Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
Honours1 January 1878: Companion of the Order of the Crown of India[80]
ArmsIn 1858, Alice and the three younger of her sisters were granted use of the royal arms, with an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, and differenced by a label argent of three points. On Alice's arms, the outer points bore an ermine spot each, and the centre bore a rose gules.[81]
ChildrenFor more details on this topic, see Grandchildren of Victoria and Albert.
Name Birth Death Notes
Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Matilda Mary 5 April 1863 24 September 1950 Married Prince Louis of Battenberg, later Marquess of Milford Haven (24 May 1854 - 11 September 1921) and had issue.
Elisabeth Alexandra Louise Alice 1 November 1864 18 July 1918 † Took the name Yelisaveta Fyodorovna on her baptism into the Russian Orthodox Church, m. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (11 May 1857 - 17 February 1905), son of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and had no issue. Had been courted by her first cousin, William II, German Emperor, but rejected him.
Irene Louise Mary Anne 11 July 1866 11 November 1953 Married her first cousin Prince Henry of Prussia, (14 August 1862 - 20 April 1929), son of Frederick III, German Emperor and had issue. Irene passed haemophilia on to two of her three sons: Prince Waldemar of Prussia and Prince Henry of Prussia.
Ernest Louis Charles Albert William 25 November 1868 9 October 1937 Succeeded as Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 13 March 1892; abdicated 9 November 1918; married his first cousin HRH Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (25 November 1876 - 2 March 1936) and had issue, divorced in 1903; married HH Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (17 September 1871 - 16 November 1937) and had issue.
Frederick William Augustus Victor Leopold Louis 7 October 1870 29 May 1873 Suffered from haemophilia and died from internal bleeding after a fall from a window at the age of two and a half.
Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice 6 June 1872 17 July 1918 † Took the name Alexandra Fyodorovna on her baptism into the Russian Orthodox Church, m. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (18 May 1868 - 17 July 1918 †), and had issue. Their only son, Tsarevich Alexei, suffered from haemophilia.
Marie Victoria Feodore Leopoldine 24 May 1874 16 November 1878 Died from diphtheria.
† killed in the events that followed the Bolshevik Revolution
Ancestors[show]Ancestors of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
16. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
8. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
17. Duchess Sophia Antonia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
4. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
18. Henry XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf
9. Princess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf
19. Countess Caroline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg
2. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
20. Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
10. Emil, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
21. Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen
5. Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
22. Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
11. Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
23. Louise of Saxe-Gotha
1. Alice of the United Kingdom
24. Frederick, Prince of Wales
12. George III of the United Kingdom
25. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
6. Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
26. Charles Louis Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Mirow
13. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
27. Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen
3. Victoria of the United Kingdom
28. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 16)
14. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 8)
29. Duchess Sophia Antonia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (= 17)
7. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
30. Henry XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 18)
15. Princess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 9)
31. Countess Caroline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg (= 19)
Notes1.^ a b Reynolds, K. D. (2004-8). "Princess Alice". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/347?docPos=1. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
2.^ Packard, p. 25
3.^ a b Packard, p. 26
4.^ Princess Christian, p. 13
5.^ London Gazette: no. 20231, p. 1889, 6 June 1843. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
6.^ Van der Kiste, p. 22
7.^ Van der Kiste, p. 23
8.^ Packard, p. 64
9.^ Van der Kiste, p. 28
10.^ Packard, p. 50
11.^ Packard, p. 51
12.^ a b Packard, p. 87
13.^ Benson, p. 66
14.^ Magnus, p. 52
15.^ Zeepvat, p. 42
16.^ Packard, p. 102
17.^ Packard, 102
18.^ a b Packard, p. 77
19.^ a b Packard, p. 78
20.^ Packard, p.79
21.^ Pakula, p. 138
22.^ a b Pakula, p. 139
23.^ London Gazette: no. 22507, p. 1889, 3 May 1861.
24.^ According to the Measuringworth currency converter, 30,000 pounds sterling in 1861 would be worth about two to three million pounds in 2008, about 140,000 United States dollars in 1861 and over twenty times that many dollars in 2008.
25.^ Packard, pp. 88-89
26.^ Packard, p. 89
27.^ Packard, p. 104
28.^ Van der Kiste, p. 52
29.^ a b Noel, p. 95
30.^ Noel, p. 96.
31.^ Noel, p. 106
32.^ a b c Noel, p. 107
33.^ Alice, p. 28
34.^ Noel, p. 108
35.^ a b Packard, p. 119
36.^ Noel, p. 115
37.^ Packard, p. 121
38.^ a b Packard, p. 122
39.^ Noel, p. 131
40.^ Noel, p. 132
41.^ a b Noel, p. 233
42.^ a b Packard, 123
43.^ a b Packard, p. 159
44.^ Packard, pp. 159-160
45.^ Noel, p. 182
46.^ Noel, p. 183
47.^ Noel, p. 160
48.^ Noel, p. 168
49.^ Noel, p. 173
50.^ Packard, 158
51.^ Packard, p. 156
52.^ Packard, p. 161
53.^ a b Noel, p. 215
54.^ a b Noel, p. 223
55.^ Quoted in Noel, pp. 224-225
56.^ Noel, p. 225
57.^ Noel, p. 226
58.^ Quoted in Noel, p. 227
59.^ Quoted in Noel, pp. 227-228
60.^ Noel, p. 228
61.^ Noel, p. 229
62.^ Packard, p. 165
63.^ Quoted in Packard, p. 165
64.^ Packard, p. 165-66
65.^ Noel, p. 231
66.^ Noel, pp. 233-234
67.^ Packard, p. 166
68.^ a b Packard, p. 167
69.^ a b Noel, p. 239
70.^ "Death Of The Grand Duchess Of Hesse". The Times. 16 December 1878.
71.^ a b c Noel, p. 241
72.^ [1]
73.^ Noel, p. 240
74.^ Martin, p. 113
75.^ Packard, p. 169
76.^ Packard, p. 170
77.^ Ziegler, Philip (2004). "Louis Mountbatten, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/31480?docPos=4. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
78.^ Quoted in Noel, p. 141.
79.^ Packard, p. 157
80.^ London Gazette: no. 24539, p. 113, 4 January 1878. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
81.^ "British Royal Cadency". Heraldica. 2007. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
ReferencesAlice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, Letters to Her Majesty the Queen. London: John Murray. 1885.
Noel, Gerard (1985). Princess Alice: Queen Victoria's forgotten daughter. London: Constable and Company Limited. ISBN 0-09-465980-X.
Packard, Jerrold M. (1998). Victoria's Daughters. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-24496-7.
Martin, Theodore (1908). Queen Victoria as I knew her. W. Blackwood.
Pakula, Hannah (1995). An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-623-7.
Van der Kiste, John (1986, 2003). Queen Victoria's Children. Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-3476-X.
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
Alexander Palace Time Machine - Princess Alice of Hesse and by Rhine
Historical Images of Princess Alice Monument at Frogmore Mausoleum
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 25 April 1843 Died: 14 December 1878
German royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
13 June 1877 - 14 December 1878 Vacant
Title next held by
Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
[show]v · d · eBritish princesses
The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British Royal Family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used.
1st generation Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia
2nd generation Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange · The Princess Amelia · The Princess Caroline · Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel · Louise, Queen of Denmark and Norway
3rd generation Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick · Princess Elizabeth · Princess Louisa · Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway
4th generation Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg · The Princess Augusta Sophia · Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg · Sophia of Gloucester · Caroline of Gloucester · Mary, Duchess of Gloucester · The Princess Sophia · The Princess Amelia
5th generation Charlotte Augusta, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld · Frederica of Hanover · Charlotte of Clarence · Victoria · Elizabeth of Clarence · Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz · Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
6th generation Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress · Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse · Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein · Frederica, Baroness Alfons von Pawel-Rammingen · Louise, Duchess of Argyll · Marie of Cumberland · Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
7th generation Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife · The Princess Victoria · Maud, Queen of Norway · Marie, Queen of Romania · Victoria Melita, Grand Duchess of Hesse · Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg · Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden · Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden · Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin · Alice, Countess of Athlone · Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera · Olga of Hanover · Patricia of Connaught
8th generation Alexandra, Duchess of Fife · Maud, Countess of Southesk · Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood · Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten · Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha · Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes
9th generation Elizabeth II · Margaret, Countess of Snowdon · Alexandra, The Hon Lady Ogilvy
10th generation Anne, Princess Royal
11th generation Beatrice of York · Eugenie of York · Lady Louise Windsor
[show]v · d · ePrincesses (by birth) of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, duchesses in Saxony
1st generation none
2nd generation Victoria, Duchess of Nemours · Charlotte, Empress of Mexico*
3rd generation Victoria, German Empress** · Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine** · Helena, Princess Christian of Scheswig-Holstein** · Louise, Duchess of Argyll** · Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg** · Clotilde, Archduchess Joseph Karl of Austria · Amalie, Duchess Maximilian Emanuel in Bavaria · Louise-Marie, Princess of Kohary* · Stéphanie, Crown Princess of Austria* · Henriette, Duchess of Vendôme* · Princess Joséphine-Marie* · Clémentine, Princess Napoléon* · Joséphine-Caroline, Princess Karl Anton of Hohenzollern*
4th generation Louise, Duchess of Fife** · Princess Victoria** · Maud, Queen of Norway** · Marie, Queen of Romania** · Victoria Melita, Grand Duchess Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia** · Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg** · Beatrice, Duchess of Galliera** · Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden** · Lady Patricia Ramsay** · Alice, Countess of Athlone** · Dorothea, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg · Marie-José, Queen of Italy*
5th generation Mary, Countess of Harewood** · Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten** · Caroline Mathilde, Countess of Castell-Rüdenhausen** · Princess Clementine, Mrs. Edward von Heller · Princess Maria Caroline · Theresia, Freifrau von Taxis di Bordogna e Valnigra · Princess Leopoldine · Princess Maria Immaculata · Josephine, Freifrau von Baratta-Dragono
6th generation Princess Claudia, Mrs. Gion Schäfer · Beatrice Charlotte, Princess of Saxe-Meiningen
7th generation Princess Stephanie · Princess Felicitas Franziska, Mrs. Sergei Trotzki
* also a princess of Belgium
** also a princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
[show]v · d · ePrincesses of Hesse and by Rhine by marriage
1st generation Princess Wilhelmine of Baden
2nd generation Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria
3rd generation Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
4th generation none
5th generation Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark · Margaret Campbell-Geddes*
*did not have a royal or noble title by birth
Persondata