Генетика чувашей.
HLA genes in the Chuvashian population from European Russia: Admixture of central European and Mediterranean populations
Запощу-ка этот материал сюда. Авторы хороши, да и приводимые ими данные хорошо укладываются в нас.
И мы в них хорошо укладываемся. Хоть это и раздражает многих…
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200306/ai_n9288054/?tag=content;col1
Abstract
HLA alleles have been determined for the first time in individuals from the Chuvashian population by DNA typing and sequencing. HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ allele frequencies and extended haplotypes have also been determined, and the results compared to those for Central Europeans, Siberians and other Asians, Caucasians, Middle Easterners, and Mediterranean peoples. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining dendrograms, and correspondence analysis have been performed. Present-day Chuvash speak an Altaic-Turkic language and are genetically related to Caucasians (Georgians), Mediterraneans, and Middle Easterners, and not only to Central or Northern Europeans; Chuvash contain little indications of Central Asian-Altaic gene flow. Thus, present-day Chuvash who speak an Altaic-Turkic language are probably more closely related to ancient Mesopotamian-Hittites and northern European populations than to central Asia-Altaic people.
KEY WORDS: HLA, CHUVASH, CENTRAL EUROPE, BULGARS, BULGARIANS, MACEDONIANS, MEDITERRANEANS, RUSSIANS, SIBERIANS, NA-DENE
The HLA system is the most polymorphic genetic system described in humans and consists of several closely linked loci. The strength of the multiallelic HLA system to single out individuals for paternity testing has been shown to be greater than the additive strength of many other polymorphic enzymes and blood group systems. The discovery of new loci and the presently available DNA typing and sequencing of new alleles have dramatically increased the variety of HLA allelism (Marsh et al. 2001). Certain alleles are frequent only in specific populations (i.e., A36, A43 in Negroids); the strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA neighboring loci demonstrates that certain combinations of contiguous alleles (HLA haplotypes) show a characteristic frequency or are distinctive in certain living populations (Imanishi et al. 1992a). Thus, the analysis of the HLA allelism represents a valuable tool to trace migration of ancient human populations and also the ethnical composition of the present day populations (Tokunaga et al. 1996) together with other currently used genetic markers. This system is a useful tool for studying the origins of determined groups like the Chuvashian people (see below).
The Chuvash are a European ethnic minority residing in western Russia, who constitute the majority of the population of the Republic of Chuvashia (67.8% are Chuvash and 26.7% are of Russian origin). The Chuvash Republic, with its capital Shupashkar (in Russian, Chebokshary), is located in the middle flow of the Volga River, in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation. It is bordered by the Mordova Republic, the Mari Republic, the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Nizhni-Novgorod and Ulianovsk districts of the Russian Federation. The Chuvash language belongs to the Volga-Bulgar subgroup of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family (Figure 1).
The Chuvash are believed to have originated from Turkic-Altaic Bulgar tribes who migrated in the 4th century A.D. from Central Asia together with the Huns to the western region of the Volga River. It is not unlikely that they represent an amalgamation of Bulgars with the Finno-Ugric tribes already living in the area (Livshits et al. 1999a, 1999b). The ancestors of the Chuvash were also found as seminomadic tribes of ancient Bulgars who lived in the North Caucasus steppes in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th to 8th centuries a portion of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, while another subdivision moved to the mid-Volga region and made up the ethnic base of the Chuvash and Kazan Tatars. In the 10th century, a Volga-Bulgar state was founded. In 1236 the Volga-Bulgar Empire was destroyed by the Mongol Golden Horde. After the death of Genghis Khan (A.D. 1227), the Bulgars came under the control of Kazan Khanate, which was founded in 1437. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Chuvash formed a single nation, the base of which was a rural Bulgarian population that had not adopted Islam. Side-by-side with the Tatars and Maris, the Chuvash fought fiercely against Russian invasion, until their defeat and annexation by Russia in 1551. The Chuvash Autonomous Region was formed on June 24, 1920. On April 21, 1925, it was reformed into the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1992 into the Chuvash Republic.
This article provides for the first time an HLA gene profile and the characteristic HLA haplotypes among the Chuvash. We examine the relative contribution of ancient northern and central Europeans and the influence of western and eastern Mediterranean populations, Caucasians, Asians, and Siberians to the present-day Chuvash gene pool, including the possible relationship between this population and the Bulgarians with whom they share an historical common origin.
Materials and Methods
Population Samples. Eighty-two unrelated individuals from the Chuvash ethnic group, living in the Republic of Chuvashia (Turkic speakers) and with at least two recorded generations of Chuvash ascent, were used for HLA genotyping and phylogenetic calculations. The original sample was collected by Livshits and coworkers (Livshits et al. 1999a, 1999b) as described (see also Figure 1), and the appropriate informed consent by the individuals was obtained.
Главные выводы:
Present-day Chuvash speak an Altaic-Turkic language and are genetically related to Caucasians (Georgians), Mediterraneans, and Middle Easterners, and not only to Central or Northern Europeans; Chuvash contain little indications of Central Asian-Altaic gene flow. Thus, present-day Chuvash who speak an Altaic-Turkic language are probably more closely related to ancient Mesopotamian-Hittites and northern European populations than to central Asia-Altaic people.
The Chuvash and Their Relationship with Other Populations. The Chuvash population is most closely related to central European populations (Czech, Austrians, Belgians, Finns, Russians), Mediterraneans, and Georgians, as demonstrated by the neighbor-joining trees and correspondence analyses (Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5) and with the closest genetic distance values (Tables 3 and 4). These relationships reflect the European, Middle Eastern (Iranians, Jews, Lebanese, Armenians), and Mediterranean (Portuguese, Spaniards, Algerians, French, Macedonians) origins of this population, in contrast with the postulated central Asian origin (see introductory paragraphs). The Chuvash have been described as one of the largest non-Slav communities inhabiting the Volga River in the southwestern part of Russia.
The Chuvash relatedness to Caucasian (Georgians) and Middle Eastern people suggests that the Chuvash genetic pool has characteristics from ancient Middle Eastern, Caucasian, and Mesopotamian people. A south-to-north gene flow may then be postulated for the Chuvash while only northern European or Asian relatedness was previously postulated (Livshits et al. 1999a). Middle East, Anatolian, and Caucasian people are likely to genetically represent the ancient population stock of the area, that is, Hittites and Mesopotamians. Other invasions have had a noticeable cultural but not a genetic impact (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2001c, 2002).
Запощу-ка этот материал сюда. Авторы хороши, да и приводимые ими данные хорошо укладываются в нас.
И мы в них хорошо укладываемся. Хоть это и раздражает многих…
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200306/ai_n9288054/?tag=content;col1
Abstract
HLA alleles have been determined for the first time in individuals from the Chuvashian population by DNA typing and sequencing. HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ allele frequencies and extended haplotypes have also been determined, and the results compared to those for Central Europeans, Siberians and other Asians, Caucasians, Middle Easterners, and Mediterranean peoples. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining dendrograms, and correspondence analysis have been performed. Present-day Chuvash speak an Altaic-Turkic language and are genetically related to Caucasians (Georgians), Mediterraneans, and Middle Easterners, and not only to Central or Northern Europeans; Chuvash contain little indications of Central Asian-Altaic gene flow. Thus, present-day Chuvash who speak an Altaic-Turkic language are probably more closely related to ancient Mesopotamian-Hittites and northern European populations than to central Asia-Altaic people.
KEY WORDS: HLA, CHUVASH, CENTRAL EUROPE, BULGARS, BULGARIANS, MACEDONIANS, MEDITERRANEANS, RUSSIANS, SIBERIANS, NA-DENE
The HLA system is the most polymorphic genetic system described in humans and consists of several closely linked loci. The strength of the multiallelic HLA system to single out individuals for paternity testing has been shown to be greater than the additive strength of many other polymorphic enzymes and blood group systems. The discovery of new loci and the presently available DNA typing and sequencing of new alleles have dramatically increased the variety of HLA allelism (Marsh et al. 2001). Certain alleles are frequent only in specific populations (i.e., A36, A43 in Negroids); the strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA neighboring loci demonstrates that certain combinations of contiguous alleles (HLA haplotypes) show a characteristic frequency or are distinctive in certain living populations (Imanishi et al. 1992a). Thus, the analysis of the HLA allelism represents a valuable tool to trace migration of ancient human populations and also the ethnical composition of the present day populations (Tokunaga et al. 1996) together with other currently used genetic markers. This system is a useful tool for studying the origins of determined groups like the Chuvashian people (see below).
The Chuvash are a European ethnic minority residing in western Russia, who constitute the majority of the population of the Republic of Chuvashia (67.8% are Chuvash and 26.7% are of Russian origin). The Chuvash Republic, with its capital Shupashkar (in Russian, Chebokshary), is located in the middle flow of the Volga River, in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation. It is bordered by the Mordova Republic, the Mari Republic, the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Nizhni-Novgorod and Ulianovsk districts of the Russian Federation. The Chuvash language belongs to the Volga-Bulgar subgroup of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family (Figure 1).
The Chuvash are believed to have originated from Turkic-Altaic Bulgar tribes who migrated in the 4th century A.D. from Central Asia together with the Huns to the western region of the Volga River. It is not unlikely that they represent an amalgamation of Bulgars with the Finno-Ugric tribes already living in the area (Livshits et al. 1999a, 1999b). The ancestors of the Chuvash were also found as seminomadic tribes of ancient Bulgars who lived in the North Caucasus steppes in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th to 8th centuries a portion of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, while another subdivision moved to the mid-Volga region and made up the ethnic base of the Chuvash and Kazan Tatars. In the 10th century, a Volga-Bulgar state was founded. In 1236 the Volga-Bulgar Empire was destroyed by the Mongol Golden Horde. After the death of Genghis Khan (A.D. 1227), the Bulgars came under the control of Kazan Khanate, which was founded in 1437. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Chuvash formed a single nation, the base of which was a rural Bulgarian population that had not adopted Islam. Side-by-side with the Tatars and Maris, the Chuvash fought fiercely against Russian invasion, until their defeat and annexation by Russia in 1551. The Chuvash Autonomous Region was formed on June 24, 1920. On April 21, 1925, it was reformed into the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1992 into the Chuvash Republic.
This article provides for the first time an HLA gene profile and the characteristic HLA haplotypes among the Chuvash. We examine the relative contribution of ancient northern and central Europeans and the influence of western and eastern Mediterranean populations, Caucasians, Asians, and Siberians to the present-day Chuvash gene pool, including the possible relationship between this population and the Bulgarians with whom they share an historical common origin.
Materials and Methods
Population Samples. Eighty-two unrelated individuals from the Chuvash ethnic group, living in the Republic of Chuvashia (Turkic speakers) and with at least two recorded generations of Chuvash ascent, were used for HLA genotyping and phylogenetic calculations. The original sample was collected by Livshits and coworkers (Livshits et al. 1999a, 1999b) as described (see also Figure 1), and the appropriate informed consent by the individuals was obtained.
Главные выводы:
Present-day Chuvash speak an Altaic-Turkic language and are genetically related to Caucasians (Georgians), Mediterraneans, and Middle Easterners, and not only to Central or Northern Europeans; Chuvash contain little indications of Central Asian-Altaic gene flow. Thus, present-day Chuvash who speak an Altaic-Turkic language are probably more closely related to ancient Mesopotamian-Hittites and northern European populations than to central Asia-Altaic people.
The Chuvash and Their Relationship with Other Populations. The Chuvash population is most closely related to central European populations (Czech, Austrians, Belgians, Finns, Russians), Mediterraneans, and Georgians, as demonstrated by the neighbor-joining trees and correspondence analyses (Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5) and with the closest genetic distance values (Tables 3 and 4). These relationships reflect the European, Middle Eastern (Iranians, Jews, Lebanese, Armenians), and Mediterranean (Portuguese, Spaniards, Algerians, French, Macedonians) origins of this population, in contrast with the postulated central Asian origin (see introductory paragraphs). The Chuvash have been described as one of the largest non-Slav communities inhabiting the Volga River in the southwestern part of Russia.
The Chuvash relatedness to Caucasian (Georgians) and Middle Eastern people suggests that the Chuvash genetic pool has characteristics from ancient Middle Eastern, Caucasian, and Mesopotamian people. A south-to-north gene flow may then be postulated for the Chuvash while only northern European or Asian relatedness was previously postulated (Livshits et al. 1999a). Middle East, Anatolian, and Caucasian people are likely to genetically represent the ancient population stock of the area, that is, Hittites and Mesopotamians. Other invasions have had a noticeable cultural but not a genetic impact (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2001c, 2002).