Microbiology
Disorders in immuntiy
4 types of Allergies and allergic rxns
Types I, II, III, & IV
Every person has the capability to have an allergic rxn. However, only 10-30% of the population will have allergic diseases. People who have allergies will develop antibodies against Mild antigens (allergens) that non allergic people do not develop.
Type I allergic Rxns
Immediate- The release of histamine
Involves the Immunoglobin E (IgE) antibody.
EX. Food allergy, antibiotic rxn, athsma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), bee stings.
Summary:
1. Atopy
-local inflammation
-hay fever
-mild athsma
-eczema
-hives
2.Anaphylaxis
-systemic; can be fatal
-can go into anaphylactic shock
-death occurs in less that one hour.
Sequence of type I rxn
1. sensitizing dose
-come into contact w allergen. Allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies.
2. Provocative dose
-Subsequent exposures to the allergen IgE antibodies trigger the release of histamine. Immediate. Matter of minutes form exposure.
*the release of histamine causes redness and swellimg
*in anaphylaxis histamine causes dilation of smooth muscle in bronchial tubes, as with athsma.
testing for Type I allergens
-Inject tiny amount of allergen in the skin look for Wheal and Flare (hives) A raised area with redness that surrounds it.
Ways to treat type I allergic Rxns
1. Give antihistamine
2. Steroids
3. Intal (Tilade) Mast Cell stabilizors.
4. Epinephirine (adrenealine)
Another Method used to treat Type I Allergic Rxns:
Desensitization Therapy- Very small amount of allergen is injected into the patient. Over a period of time (weeks) this is repeated. the theory behind this is that the body will develop IgG anibodies instead of IgE (linked to allergic rxns)antibodies. IgG antibodies act as blocking antibodies and these will combine with the allergen instead of IgE. IgG will produce a less harmful response. Effective in 70% of people.
Hapten an allergen that is a nonprotien molecule that by it's self can not provoke an allergen rxn, it's too small. When the hapten is combined w a larger carrier protien from the body, it can stimulate an immune response.
EX. Cosmetics
Metals
Household & Industrial Chemicals.
Type II allergic Rxns:
The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cell (RBC).
-IgG & IgM are the antibodies involved.
EX. Blood transfusion Rxn, the wrong blood is given during transfusion.
-on the surface of RBC are the A or B antigens. The body will produce antibodies against the foreighn blood antigens.
Blood Type Antigen on surface of RBC Antibody
A A antigen Anti B
B B "" Anti A
AB AB "" no antibodies
O does not have blood antigen anti AB
Blood type O- universal donor. THey have no antigens
Blood type AB+ Universal recipiant. they have no antibodies
In addition to AB & O blood antigens: Rhantigens (named from the Rhinus monkey) If a person has the Rh antigen they are said to be Rh positive if not then they are said to be Rh negative.
-85% of t he population are Rh +ve
-15% are said to be Rh -ve
*Rh -ve can give to Rh +ve cause there are no Rh antigen, but +ve can't because of these antigens.
Type III Rxns
Immune Complex Rxns
-In this rxn, the toxic complexes are formed by the antigen and antibodies. These toxic complexes will damage the body tissues.
IgA IgG IgM NOT IgE
EX.
1.Local- Arthus rxn
2.Systemic- Serum sickness
Arthus Rxn- is a local rxn results in a red swollen painful area at the site of an injection (booster shots)
Serum Sickness- can cause death. Toxic complexes carry throughout the body & will damage several of the body's systems.
Type IV Rxn
A delayed hypersensitivity. The allergic rxn is caused by T- lymphocytes. T- lc attack the allergen. Causes problems. Take a period of time for T-lymphocytes to build up it's numbers.
EX.
-Tissue graph rejection
-Contact dermititis Cosmetic, parfumes, jewelry, detergent
-Poison ivy and poison oak (Urushial is the toxin in poisonous plants)
-TB Skin test.
Immune system disorder
1 Allergic Type I-IV
2 Immunodefficiency
3 Autoimmune disease
Immunodefficiency- Part of the immune system is missing & the immune system does not work. Two major types.
1 Primary Inherited Immunodef.- or more of the immune system components do not develop. Child is born w/o proper immune system. Worst is called SCID
Severe Combined ImmunoDefficiency. The person does not have an immune system. The child quickly dies from outside infectious disease. EX> the Boy in the Plastic Bubble. (The one with John Travolta, not Jake Gyllenhal)
DiGeorge's Syndrome- Thymus gland does not develop in the infant No T-cells are formed Immune system is failing.
2. Secondary or Aquired immundef.- A person born w/ a normal immune system, but something damages it and it no longer functions.
-AIDS Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome
caused by the HIV virus Human Immunedef. Virus
Attacks helper T-cells. By knocking these out, the body can not make antibodies.
Other factors:
A. Chemotherapy
B. Exposure to high ionizing Radiation
C. Malnutrition
Autoimmune Diseases- The body's immune system will produce antibodies & T-cells against it's own self antigens. Attacks it's own body.
EX. Lupus (SLE)- Attacks all over
Rheumatoid Arthritis- Attacks joints hand and feet (sevovial membrane)
Diabetes Mellitus Type I- Insulin dependant
Multiple Sclorosis- Attacks the mylien sheath of nerve cells. Impaired motor function.
There are no know causes for autoimmune diseases.
Immunizations and Vaccines
1st Vaccine- small pox- Edward Jenner from cowpox
in making vaccines, one uses killed microbes or attenuated (weakened) microbes.
attenuated vaccine microbe is alive but not viralent.
Adtvantage killed vaccine
-Person can not get disease
Disadvantage
_when one kills the microbe in also destoys some of it's antigens that stimulate antibody production.
*Requires more booster shots to achieve the same level of immunity (Less immune response)
Advantage of attenuated Vaccine
- Get a higher immune response, because there are more antigens intact
-Requires fewer booster shots
Disadvantage
-Microbe can mutate back into viralent form and cause didease
Methods of killing microbes for vaccines
1. Heat- Heat microbe to it's thermal death time.
2. Chemicals- a) phenol b)acetone c)formaldehyde
3. Ionizing Radiation- Cobalt 60
Ways to attenuate microbes
1. Modify growth conditions
2. Manipulate genes to eliminate viralence factors
Combined Vaccines
MMR- Measles Mumps Rubella
DPT- Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Live Vaccines produce a higher titer because of the intact antigens.
4 types of Allergies and allergic rxns
Types I, II, III, & IV
Every person has the capability to have an allergic rxn. However, only 10-30% of the population will have allergic diseases. People who have allergies will develop antibodies against Mild antigens (allergens) that non allergic people do not develop.
Type I allergic Rxns
Immediate- The release of histamine
Involves the Immunoglobin E (IgE) antibody.
EX. Food allergy, antibiotic rxn, athsma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), bee stings.
Summary:
1. Atopy
-local inflammation
-hay fever
-mild athsma
-eczema
-hives
2.Anaphylaxis
-systemic; can be fatal
-can go into anaphylactic shock
-death occurs in less that one hour.
Sequence of type I rxn
1. sensitizing dose
-come into contact w allergen. Allergen stimulates production of IgE antibodies.
2. Provocative dose
-Subsequent exposures to the allergen IgE antibodies trigger the release of histamine. Immediate. Matter of minutes form exposure.
*the release of histamine causes redness and swellimg
*in anaphylaxis histamine causes dilation of smooth muscle in bronchial tubes, as with athsma.
testing for Type I allergens
-Inject tiny amount of allergen in the skin look for Wheal and Flare (hives) A raised area with redness that surrounds it.
Ways to treat type I allergic Rxns
1. Give antihistamine
2. Steroids
3. Intal (Tilade) Mast Cell stabilizors.
4. Epinephirine (adrenealine)
Another Method used to treat Type I Allergic Rxns:
Desensitization Therapy- Very small amount of allergen is injected into the patient. Over a period of time (weeks) this is repeated. the theory behind this is that the body will develop IgG anibodies instead of IgE (linked to allergic rxns)antibodies. IgG antibodies act as blocking antibodies and these will combine with the allergen instead of IgE. IgG will produce a less harmful response. Effective in 70% of people.
Hapten an allergen that is a nonprotien molecule that by it's self can not provoke an allergen rxn, it's too small. When the hapten is combined w a larger carrier protien from the body, it can stimulate an immune response.
EX. Cosmetics
Metals
Household & Industrial Chemicals.
Type II allergic Rxns:
The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cell (RBC).
-IgG & IgM are the antibodies involved.
EX. Blood transfusion Rxn, the wrong blood is given during transfusion.
-on the surface of RBC are the A or B antigens. The body will produce antibodies against the foreighn blood antigens.
Blood Type Antigen on surface of RBC Antibody
A A antigen Anti B
B B "" Anti A
AB AB "" no antibodies
O does not have blood antigen anti AB
Blood type O- universal donor. THey have no antigens
Blood type AB+ Universal recipiant. they have no antibodies
In addition to AB & O blood antigens: Rhantigens (named from the Rhinus monkey) If a person has the Rh antigen they are said to be Rh positive if not then they are said to be Rh negative.
-85% of t he population are Rh +ve
-15% are said to be Rh -ve
*Rh -ve can give to Rh +ve cause there are no Rh antigen, but +ve can't because of these antigens.
Type III Rxns
Immune Complex Rxns
-In this rxn, the toxic complexes are formed by the antigen and antibodies. These toxic complexes will damage the body tissues.
IgA IgG IgM NOT IgE
EX.
1.Local- Arthus rxn
2.Systemic- Serum sickness
Arthus Rxn- is a local rxn results in a red swollen painful area at the site of an injection (booster shots)
Serum Sickness- can cause death. Toxic complexes carry throughout the body & will damage several of the body's systems.
Type IV Rxn
A delayed hypersensitivity. The allergic rxn is caused by T- lymphocytes. T- lc attack the allergen. Causes problems. Take a period of time for T-lymphocytes to build up it's numbers.
EX.
-Tissue graph rejection
-Contact dermititis Cosmetic, parfumes, jewelry, detergent
-Poison ivy and poison oak (Urushial is the toxin in poisonous plants)
-TB Skin test.
Immune system disorder
1 Allergic Type I-IV
2 Immunodefficiency
3 Autoimmune disease
Immunodefficiency- Part of the immune system is missing & the immune system does not work. Two major types.
1 Primary Inherited Immunodef.- or more of the immune system components do not develop. Child is born w/o proper immune system. Worst is called SCID
Severe Combined ImmunoDefficiency. The person does not have an immune system. The child quickly dies from outside infectious disease. EX> the Boy in the Plastic Bubble. (The one with John Travolta, not Jake Gyllenhal)
DiGeorge's Syndrome- Thymus gland does not develop in the infant No T-cells are formed Immune system is failing.
2. Secondary or Aquired immundef.- A person born w/ a normal immune system, but something damages it and it no longer functions.
-AIDS Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome
caused by the HIV virus Human Immunedef. Virus
Attacks helper T-cells. By knocking these out, the body can not make antibodies.
Other factors:
A. Chemotherapy
B. Exposure to high ionizing Radiation
C. Malnutrition
Autoimmune Diseases- The body's immune system will produce antibodies & T-cells against it's own self antigens. Attacks it's own body.
EX. Lupus (SLE)- Attacks all over
Rheumatoid Arthritis- Attacks joints hand and feet (sevovial membrane)
Diabetes Mellitus Type I- Insulin dependant
Multiple Sclorosis- Attacks the mylien sheath of nerve cells. Impaired motor function.
There are no know causes for autoimmune diseases.
Immunizations and Vaccines
1st Vaccine- small pox- Edward Jenner from cowpox
in making vaccines, one uses killed microbes or attenuated (weakened) microbes.
attenuated vaccine microbe is alive but not viralent.
Adtvantage killed vaccine
-Person can not get disease
Disadvantage
_when one kills the microbe in also destoys some of it's antigens that stimulate antibody production.
*Requires more booster shots to achieve the same level of immunity (Less immune response)
Advantage of attenuated Vaccine
- Get a higher immune response, because there are more antigens intact
-Requires fewer booster shots
Disadvantage
-Microbe can mutate back into viralent form and cause didease
Methods of killing microbes for vaccines
1. Heat- Heat microbe to it's thermal death time.
2. Chemicals- a) phenol b)acetone c)formaldehyde
3. Ionizing Radiation- Cobalt 60
Ways to attenuate microbes
1. Modify growth conditions
2. Manipulate genes to eliminate viralence factors
Combined Vaccines
MMR- Measles Mumps Rubella
DPT- Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Live Vaccines produce a higher titer because of the intact antigens.