(no subject)
Chapter 19 I.D.’s
Cult of True Womanhood: 1869 helped many women gain a majority of the salespersons and cashier positions. Managers considered women to be more polite, easier to control and more honest than male workers, all qualities especially valuable in the huge emporiums.
“Rubes” “Hicks” and “Hayseeds”: Farmers suffer a decline in status. Farmers seemed provincial and behind the times, calling them these names. Farmers got upset and want a changed to breaking down Laissez-Fair prejudices.
Hamlin Garland:
Trade Schools: Calvin Woodward opened a manual training school in St Louis and soon a number of different schools were offering courses in carpentry, metalwork, sewing, and other crafts. These schools were part responsible a broad general education available.
Great Easter: Launched in 1858 and English liner 700ft from bow to stern, at 19,000 tons. Opened a new era of transatlantic crossing.
Steerage: With huge increase of immigrants. Immigrants have to travel by steerage; which was cramped and totally lacking in anything that could be considered an amenity, the Atlantic crossing, once so hazardous, became safe and speedy with the perfection of the steamship.
Push pressures and pull factors: They were: Improvement in transportation and unexpected disruptances in European economies. Cheap wheat from the US, Russia, and other parts of the world poured into Europe bringing disaster to Euro Farmers. The spreading Industrial Revolution and the increased use of farm machinery led to the collapse of the peasant economy of central and Southern Europe. All people come here as a result. And main reason was the desire for economic betterment.
New immigrants: Considered to be immigrants not from England Scotland, Ireland, France, or Germany.
Foran Act of 1882: Outlawed the practice of hooking up immigrants to a work at facilities immediately after landing.
Exclusion Act of 1882: Excluded Chinese. But was meaningless, along with the ban on importing contract labor. No further restrictions were placed on immigration until the twentieth century.
Pardrone System: System of the Italians and Greeks was typical. Pardrone a sort of contractor who agreed to supply gangs of unskilled workers to companies for a, lump sum, usually signed on immigrants unfamiliar with American wage levels at rates that ensured him healthy profit.
“Birds of Passage: A substantial minority, were immigrants that saved money to bring over their family members to America. In addition, thousands of immigrants came as family groups and intended to remain.
“Racial Purity”: This idea made by the Social Darwinist of the time who found the immigration to be startling. They attributed the social problems associated with mass immigration to supposed physiological characteristics of the newcomers. Decided that the new Eastern European immigrants were racial inferior.
Nativism: Revised from the know nothing party. Denunciations of “longhaired, wild-eyed, bad smelling, atheistic, reckless foreign wretches,” of Europe’s “Human and inhuman rubbish.”
American Protective Association (APA): The largest nativist organization of the period, founded in 1887, existed primarily to resist what its members called “the Catholic menace.”
Metropolitan Health Board: Made by New York city in 1886, made a feeble beginning at regulating city housing. Another law in 1879 placed a limit on the percentage of lot space that could be covered by new construction and established minimal standards of plumbing and ventilation.
Jacob Riffs: A reporter, made “How the other half lives”
How the Other Half Lives: captures the horror of the crowded warrens in this classic study. The unhealthiness of the tenements was notorious. In 1900 three out of five babies in poor district died before their first birthday.
Gangs-Alley Gang, Rock Gang, et al: Youth driven to the streets by the squalor of their homes, slum youths formed gangs. From petty thieving and shoplifting they graduated to house breaking, bank robbery, and murder.
Dumbbell Tenements: New kind of apartment house managed to crowd 24-32 four room apartments on a plot ground only 25 by 100 feet.
Streetcars: Invented in the 1880s, Electric trolleys were cheaper, quieter then steam powered ones. Frank J. Sprague installed the first electric trolley line in Richmond, Virginia in 1887-1888. Many cities installed them, major corporations centralized the enterprises. By 1895, there were some 850 lines. And about 10,000 miles of track. Street cars increased civilian travel in the city to 6 miles. Dramatic population spread away from crowded city to the out skirts. Sometimes swallowing up nearby towns. By keeping fares low, people could escape from the city.
Pacific Electric Railway: Trolley lines in L.A.
Skyscrapers: The new Iron-skeleton type of construction allowed for taller buildings. Soon a race to the skies was on in the great cities of America because these buildings utilized space for people by going up instead of going out.
Brooklyn Bridge: Advances in bridge design, notably in the perfection of the steel cable suspension bridge by John Roebling. Brooklyn Bridge was Roebling’s triumph. Completed in 1883 at a cost of $15million, it was soon carrying more than 33 million passengers a year over the East river between Manhattan and Brooklyn.
Frederick Law Olmsted:
Alfred T. White:
Museums: Made for recreation. In New York, American Museum of Natural History 1870, the Metropolitan Museum of Art 1870, and the Metropolitan Opera House 1883 opened. In Boston: Museum of Fine Arts founded in 1870, and Boston Symphony 1883 opened.
Henry Ward Beecher: He attributed poverty to the improvidence of laborers who, he claimed, squandered their wages on liquor, and tobacco. The best check on labor unrest was a plentiful supply of cheap immigrant labor was the “worst form of despotism and tyranny in the History of Christendom.
Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum: Clergy’s attitude towards organized labor was neutral. The clergy’s attitude changed with Rerum Novarum. This statement criticized the excesses of capitalism, including the “greed of unchecked competition”; it defended the right of labor to form unions and stressed the duty of government to care for the poor. Workers were entitled to wages that would guarantee their families a reasonable and frugal comfort, Leo declared, and they committed no sin by seeking government aid to get it.
Dwight Moody: in the 1870s this evangelist was a large figure at 300 pounds. Moody conducted vigorous a campaign to persuade the denizens of the slums to cast aside their sinful ways. He went among them full of enthusiasm and God’s love made an impact no less powerful than people from the Great Awakenings.
YMCA & the Salvation Army: The evangelist founded mission schools in the slums and tried to provide spiritual recreational facilities for the unfortunate; hence, they established these branches.
Washington Gladden: A social gospel was a minister raised in Mass. And his experience as a minister exposed him the realities of the life in the industrial cities. In many of his works he defended labor’s right to organize and strike and denounced the idea that supply and demand should control wage rates. He favored factory inspection laws, strict regulation of public utilities, and other reforms.
Shares M. Sheldon, In His Steps: In his book he describes what happens to a mythical city of Raymond when a group of leading citizens decided to live truly Christian lives, which improved their society immensely. All their slums cleaned up. The moral regeneration of the entire community was soon accomplished.
Social Gospel Literature: Slum conditions caused sins and crimes. Began to preach to improve living conditions rather than saving souls. They advocated civil service reform, child labor regulation, regulation on big corporations, and heavy taxes.
Jane Addams: Chicago. Jane developed an outstanding cultural program that included classes in music, art, and an excellent “little theater” group. Adams owned Hull House. Jane worked tirelessly and effectively for improved public services and for social legislation of all kinds.
Hull House: Was made to help people out, see Settlement Houses. The residents were strong minded energetic women bustling their various enterprises and earnest-faced self-sub ordinating and mild-mannered men who slide from room to room apologetically. Boasted a gymnasium, a day nursery, and several social clubs.
Lillian Wald: She and other settlement workers felt agitated for tenement house laws, the regulation of the labor of women and children, and better schools. They employed private resources to establish play grounds in the slums, along with libraries, classes in everything from child nutrition and home management to literature and arts and crafts, social clubs, and day-care centers.
Settlement Houses: they were one way people tried to grapple with slum problems. They were community centers located in poor districts that provided guidance and services to all who would use them. These houses could only do so much; more prominent sources of money would have been needed from more wealthy people to have a more affect.
Robert A. Woods: Boston, organized clubs to get youngsters of the South End off the streets, helped establish a restaurant where a meal could had for 5 cents, acted as an arbitrator in labor disputes, and lobbied for laws tightening up the franchises of the public utility companies.
Cult of True Womanhood: 1869 helped many women gain a majority of the salespersons and cashier positions. Managers considered women to be more polite, easier to control and more honest than male workers, all qualities especially valuable in the huge emporiums.
“Rubes” “Hicks” and “Hayseeds”: Farmers suffer a decline in status. Farmers seemed provincial and behind the times, calling them these names. Farmers got upset and want a changed to breaking down Laissez-Fair prejudices.
Hamlin Garland:
Trade Schools: Calvin Woodward opened a manual training school in St Louis and soon a number of different schools were offering courses in carpentry, metalwork, sewing, and other crafts. These schools were part responsible a broad general education available.
Great Easter: Launched in 1858 and English liner 700ft from bow to stern, at 19,000 tons. Opened a new era of transatlantic crossing.
Steerage: With huge increase of immigrants. Immigrants have to travel by steerage; which was cramped and totally lacking in anything that could be considered an amenity, the Atlantic crossing, once so hazardous, became safe and speedy with the perfection of the steamship.
Push pressures and pull factors: They were: Improvement in transportation and unexpected disruptances in European economies. Cheap wheat from the US, Russia, and other parts of the world poured into Europe bringing disaster to Euro Farmers. The spreading Industrial Revolution and the increased use of farm machinery led to the collapse of the peasant economy of central and Southern Europe. All people come here as a result. And main reason was the desire for economic betterment.
New immigrants: Considered to be immigrants not from England Scotland, Ireland, France, or Germany.
Foran Act of 1882: Outlawed the practice of hooking up immigrants to a work at facilities immediately after landing.
Exclusion Act of 1882: Excluded Chinese. But was meaningless, along with the ban on importing contract labor. No further restrictions were placed on immigration until the twentieth century.
Pardrone System: System of the Italians and Greeks was typical. Pardrone a sort of contractor who agreed to supply gangs of unskilled workers to companies for a, lump sum, usually signed on immigrants unfamiliar with American wage levels at rates that ensured him healthy profit.
“Birds of Passage: A substantial minority, were immigrants that saved money to bring over their family members to America. In addition, thousands of immigrants came as family groups and intended to remain.
“Racial Purity”: This idea made by the Social Darwinist of the time who found the immigration to be startling. They attributed the social problems associated with mass immigration to supposed physiological characteristics of the newcomers. Decided that the new Eastern European immigrants were racial inferior.
Nativism: Revised from the know nothing party. Denunciations of “longhaired, wild-eyed, bad smelling, atheistic, reckless foreign wretches,” of Europe’s “Human and inhuman rubbish.”
American Protective Association (APA): The largest nativist organization of the period, founded in 1887, existed primarily to resist what its members called “the Catholic menace.”
Metropolitan Health Board: Made by New York city in 1886, made a feeble beginning at regulating city housing. Another law in 1879 placed a limit on the percentage of lot space that could be covered by new construction and established minimal standards of plumbing and ventilation.
Jacob Riffs: A reporter, made “How the other half lives”
How the Other Half Lives: captures the horror of the crowded warrens in this classic study. The unhealthiness of the tenements was notorious. In 1900 three out of five babies in poor district died before their first birthday.
Gangs-Alley Gang, Rock Gang, et al: Youth driven to the streets by the squalor of their homes, slum youths formed gangs. From petty thieving and shoplifting they graduated to house breaking, bank robbery, and murder.
Dumbbell Tenements: New kind of apartment house managed to crowd 24-32 four room apartments on a plot ground only 25 by 100 feet.
Streetcars: Invented in the 1880s, Electric trolleys were cheaper, quieter then steam powered ones. Frank J. Sprague installed the first electric trolley line in Richmond, Virginia in 1887-1888. Many cities installed them, major corporations centralized the enterprises. By 1895, there were some 850 lines. And about 10,000 miles of track. Street cars increased civilian travel in the city to 6 miles. Dramatic population spread away from crowded city to the out skirts. Sometimes swallowing up nearby towns. By keeping fares low, people could escape from the city.
Pacific Electric Railway: Trolley lines in L.A.
Skyscrapers: The new Iron-skeleton type of construction allowed for taller buildings. Soon a race to the skies was on in the great cities of America because these buildings utilized space for people by going up instead of going out.
Brooklyn Bridge: Advances in bridge design, notably in the perfection of the steel cable suspension bridge by John Roebling. Brooklyn Bridge was Roebling’s triumph. Completed in 1883 at a cost of $15million, it was soon carrying more than 33 million passengers a year over the East river between Manhattan and Brooklyn.
Frederick Law Olmsted:
Alfred T. White:
Museums: Made for recreation. In New York, American Museum of Natural History 1870, the Metropolitan Museum of Art 1870, and the Metropolitan Opera House 1883 opened. In Boston: Museum of Fine Arts founded in 1870, and Boston Symphony 1883 opened.
Henry Ward Beecher: He attributed poverty to the improvidence of laborers who, he claimed, squandered their wages on liquor, and tobacco. The best check on labor unrest was a plentiful supply of cheap immigrant labor was the “worst form of despotism and tyranny in the History of Christendom.
Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum: Clergy’s attitude towards organized labor was neutral. The clergy’s attitude changed with Rerum Novarum. This statement criticized the excesses of capitalism, including the “greed of unchecked competition”; it defended the right of labor to form unions and stressed the duty of government to care for the poor. Workers were entitled to wages that would guarantee their families a reasonable and frugal comfort, Leo declared, and they committed no sin by seeking government aid to get it.
Dwight Moody: in the 1870s this evangelist was a large figure at 300 pounds. Moody conducted vigorous a campaign to persuade the denizens of the slums to cast aside their sinful ways. He went among them full of enthusiasm and God’s love made an impact no less powerful than people from the Great Awakenings.
YMCA & the Salvation Army: The evangelist founded mission schools in the slums and tried to provide spiritual recreational facilities for the unfortunate; hence, they established these branches.
Washington Gladden: A social gospel was a minister raised in Mass. And his experience as a minister exposed him the realities of the life in the industrial cities. In many of his works he defended labor’s right to organize and strike and denounced the idea that supply and demand should control wage rates. He favored factory inspection laws, strict regulation of public utilities, and other reforms.
Shares M. Sheldon, In His Steps: In his book he describes what happens to a mythical city of Raymond when a group of leading citizens decided to live truly Christian lives, which improved their society immensely. All their slums cleaned up. The moral regeneration of the entire community was soon accomplished.
Social Gospel Literature: Slum conditions caused sins and crimes. Began to preach to improve living conditions rather than saving souls. They advocated civil service reform, child labor regulation, regulation on big corporations, and heavy taxes.
Jane Addams: Chicago. Jane developed an outstanding cultural program that included classes in music, art, and an excellent “little theater” group. Adams owned Hull House. Jane worked tirelessly and effectively for improved public services and for social legislation of all kinds.
Hull House: Was made to help people out, see Settlement Houses. The residents were strong minded energetic women bustling their various enterprises and earnest-faced self-sub ordinating and mild-mannered men who slide from room to room apologetically. Boasted a gymnasium, a day nursery, and several social clubs.
Lillian Wald: She and other settlement workers felt agitated for tenement house laws, the regulation of the labor of women and children, and better schools. They employed private resources to establish play grounds in the slums, along with libraries, classes in everything from child nutrition and home management to literature and arts and crafts, social clubs, and day-care centers.
Settlement Houses: they were one way people tried to grapple with slum problems. They were community centers located in poor districts that provided guidance and services to all who would use them. These houses could only do so much; more prominent sources of money would have been needed from more wealthy people to have a more affect.
Robert A. Woods: Boston, organized clubs to get youngsters of the South End off the streets, helped establish a restaurant where a meal could had for 5 cents, acted as an arbitrator in labor disputes, and lobbied for laws tightening up the franchises of the public utility companies.