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Lesson Five.
Sindarin Plurals.
Instead of adding s to words to make them plural,Sindarin changes the vowels within the word. The final syllable of the word changes differently from all other syllables. The changes are as follows:
All Syllables Except the Last One.
a becomes e
e remains e
i remains i
o becomes e
u becomes y
ae, ai, ei and ui remain the same.
au becomes oe
Last Syllable
a becomes ai
ar becomes er
ang becomes eng
alph becomes eilph
e becomes i (keep any accents above the letter)
ie becomes i
i remains i
o becomes y (keep any accents above the letter)
io becomes y
u becomes y
ú becomes ui
y remains y
ae, ai, ei and ui remain the same.
au becomes oe
Examples.
sabar delved mine becomes sebair delved mines
adan man becomes edain men
dineth bride becomes dinith brides
ecthel spear point becomes ecthil spear points
salab herb becomes selaib herbs
gador dungeon becomes gedyr dungeons
hûb harbour/haven becomes huib harbours/havens
galadh tree becomes gelaidh trees
imlad narrow valley becomes imlaid narrow valleys
narn tale becomes nern tales
tulus poplar becomes tylys poplars
garth fortress becomes gerth fortresses
naergon lament becomes naergyn laments
orch orc becomes yrch orcs
ranc arm becomes rainc arms
tang bowstring becomes teng bowstrings
Exceptions
doron oak becomes deren oaks
rochben rider becomes rochbin riders
Examples.
I see poplars Cenin dylys
I understand tales Henion nern
Do you desire fortresses? Anírach 'erth?
Adjectives describing plural nouns should themselves be plural.
I see tall poplars Cenin dylys dynd.
Vocabulary
sabar delved mine
adan man
dineth bride
ecthel spear point
salab herb
gador dungeon
hûb harbour/haven
galadh tree
imlad narrow valley
narn tale
tulus poplar
garth fortress
naergon lament
orch orc
ranc arm
tang bowstring
doron oak
rochben rider
The Plural Definite Article and other things causing nasal mutation.
For plurals, you cannot use i. You cannot say i yrch for the orcs Instead, you would say in yrchIn causes nasal mutation, as do dan (against), an (for/to) and 'nin (to the, for the (pl))
Here is how it works. As you can see, nasal mutation changes the word causing it, as well as the word following.
http://hometown.aol.co.uk/ysgawenoak/images/nasal.gif
The orcs battle against a fortress In yrch dagrar dan ngarth.
Do you see the houses? Cenich i mber?
You battle for Boromir Dagrach am Moromir.
Exercise 5.1.
Make the following nouns plural.
1. brannon (lord)
2. falas (shore)
3. linnod (verse)
4. sant (garden)
5. sarch (grave)
6. gathrod (cave)
7. eneth (name)
8. ardhon (great region, province)
9. garaf (wolf)
10. mellon (friend)
Exercise 5.2.
Translate the following into Sindarin.
1. The men (use edain) battle against the orcs.
2. Where do the elves come from?
3. Elves have harps.
4. The elves have the harps.
5. The wolves approach.
6. The roses grow.