Даннинг о научном методе Макиавелли
Несколько выписок
Очень ценное наблюдение: ближайший предшественник Макиавелли - Аристотель, причем, не средневековый, а греческий. Ни на кого из своих христианских предшественников в политической теории он просто внимания не обратил.
The form and method of Machiavelli's philosophy had no prototype later than Aristotle and the Aristotle of Hellas, not of Christian Europe. All the paraphernalia of the scholastics and of the jurists were simply ignored in his speculation. (291)
(Ну, положим, не только Аристотель, но, как минимум, еще Цицерон, но наблюдение, действительно, хорошее)
К предыдущему тезису: не цитирует богословов и правоведов, не делает отсылки к принятым концепциям. Так сказать, ломает парадигму.
The dogma of the two powers, the relations of Pope and Emperor, the conflict of spiritual and secular jurisdiction, the doctrine of imperium continuum, the Donation of Constantine
and all the rest of the long familiar captions receive scarcely an allusion from Machiavelli. To the opinions of the church fathers and the medieval doctors he makes no reference, and he never cites a text of the Canon or of the Civil law. (291)
Об историческом методе М.: природа человека всегда она, значит, наблюдая прошлое, поймем настоящее и будущее:
The true method in the science of politics was, in Machiavelli's opinion, the historical method. Men had been, he believed, in all ages and places the same as at present, had been influenced by the same motives, and had been called upon to solve the same problems with the same means. A study of the past, therefore, would throw the fullest light on the needs of the present and would even, he thought, make prediction // of the future an easy matter.(1)
1 Discourses on Livy, I, Introduction.
Si cognosce facilmente come
in tutte le cittk e in tutti i popoli sono quelli medesimi desideri e
quelli medesimi umori, e come vi furono sempre ; in modo che egli e
facil cosa . . . prevedere in ogni Repubblica le future [cose]. I,
39.
(291//292)
Еще раз о методе.
In fact, Machiavelli's method was historical rather in appearance than in reality. The actual source of his speculations was the interest he felt in the men and conditions of his own time. In the history of the ancients he found parallels that appealed strongly to him by their relation to existing conditions, and he seized upon them as revelations of essential truth.
Of the circumstances of his own time he was a most accurate observer and a most acute analyst. This determined the method which he really depended upon. His conclusions were reached empirically, and were then reenforced by appeals to history. He used Livy, in the Discourses, rather for the purpose of sustaining, than for the purpose of discovering, principles.
(293)
Он, утверждает автор, является историческим только в некотором определенном смысле: примеры из истории по большей части берутся для иллюстраций выводов относительно современного М. материала. (Я бы обозначил это как своего рода «индукцию по перечислению»; этот метод, кстати, не чужд схоластике, его практикует, например, и Суарес. Другое дело, что исторические иллюстрации играют у него чисто подчиненную роль и стоят последними в ряду аргументов. У М они становятся одним из основных средств. Исторический метод получит дальнейшее развитие у Бодена, само собой, но не только у него - Бьюкенен, Яков 6 Английский. А вот Бэкон, хотя и будет заниматься историей, напишет Атлантиду. - В.М.)
Такую особенность исторического метода М. автор связывает с его интересом к текущей политике, а не к ее общетеоретическим вопросам:
These characteristics of method are closely related to the point of view from which he regards politics. His philosophy is a study of the art of government, rather than a theory of the state. Machiavelli's field (is Politik, not Staatslehre. He is interested in the establishment and operation of the machinery of government // in the forces through which governmental power is generated and applied.
(293//294)
Очень ценное наблюдение: ближайший предшественник Макиавелли - Аристотель, причем, не средневековый, а греческий. Ни на кого из своих христианских предшественников в политической теории он просто внимания не обратил.
The form and method of Machiavelli's philosophy had no prototype later than Aristotle and the Aristotle of Hellas, not of Christian Europe. All the paraphernalia of the scholastics and of the jurists were simply ignored in his speculation. (291)
(Ну, положим, не только Аристотель, но, как минимум, еще Цицерон, но наблюдение, действительно, хорошее)
К предыдущему тезису: не цитирует богословов и правоведов, не делает отсылки к принятым концепциям. Так сказать, ломает парадигму.
The dogma of the two powers, the relations of Pope and Emperor, the conflict of spiritual and secular jurisdiction, the doctrine of imperium continuum, the Donation of Constantine
and all the rest of the long familiar captions receive scarcely an allusion from Machiavelli. To the opinions of the church fathers and the medieval doctors he makes no reference, and he never cites a text of the Canon or of the Civil law. (291)
Об историческом методе М.: природа человека всегда она, значит, наблюдая прошлое, поймем настоящее и будущее:
The true method in the science of politics was, in Machiavelli's opinion, the historical method. Men had been, he believed, in all ages and places the same as at present, had been influenced by the same motives, and had been called upon to solve the same problems with the same means. A study of the past, therefore, would throw the fullest light on the needs of the present and would even, he thought, make prediction // of the future an easy matter.(1)
1 Discourses on Livy, I, Introduction.
Si cognosce facilmente come
in tutte le cittk e in tutti i popoli sono quelli medesimi desideri e
quelli medesimi umori, e come vi furono sempre ; in modo che egli e
facil cosa . . . prevedere in ogni Repubblica le future [cose]. I,
39.
(291//292)
Еще раз о методе.
In fact, Machiavelli's method was historical rather in appearance than in reality. The actual source of his speculations was the interest he felt in the men and conditions of his own time. In the history of the ancients he found parallels that appealed strongly to him by their relation to existing conditions, and he seized upon them as revelations of essential truth.
Of the circumstances of his own time he was a most accurate observer and a most acute analyst. This determined the method which he really depended upon. His conclusions were reached empirically, and were then reenforced by appeals to history. He used Livy, in the Discourses, rather for the purpose of sustaining, than for the purpose of discovering, principles.
(293)
Он, утверждает автор, является историческим только в некотором определенном смысле: примеры из истории по большей части берутся для иллюстраций выводов относительно современного М. материала. (Я бы обозначил это как своего рода «индукцию по перечислению»; этот метод, кстати, не чужд схоластике, его практикует, например, и Суарес. Другое дело, что исторические иллюстрации играют у него чисто подчиненную роль и стоят последними в ряду аргументов. У М они становятся одним из основных средств. Исторический метод получит дальнейшее развитие у Бодена, само собой, но не только у него - Бьюкенен, Яков 6 Английский. А вот Бэкон, хотя и будет заниматься историей, напишет Атлантиду. - В.М.)
Такую особенность исторического метода М. автор связывает с его интересом к текущей политике, а не к ее общетеоретическим вопросам:
These characteristics of method are closely related to the point of view from which he regards politics. His philosophy is a study of the art of government, rather than a theory of the state. Machiavelli's field (is Politik, not Staatslehre. He is interested in the establishment and operation of the machinery of government // in the forces through which governmental power is generated and applied.
(293//294)