How Traditional Can a River Be?
The latest news about the L.A. River is that the Army Corps of Engineers has declared it not to be a "traditional, navigable river."
It all started when Wayne Fishback thought he'd like to buy some land in the Santa Susanna Mountains for a horse and cattle ranch. Streams in the Santa Susanna Mountain drain to the L.A. River, so Fishback wanted to see whether the streams fell under the Clean Water Act. A 2006 ruling limited the Act's protection to streams that have a direct effect on water quality in a navigable waterway. Now the Army Corps has declared the L.A. River not to be navigable except for a few miles in Sepulveda Basin and near the ocean in Long Beach. Although there have been a few kayak trips down the length of the river sponsored by the river's friends, I personally don't think of it as being navigable. Why should that matter?
I object to the idea that a river can be, or fail to be, traditional. Rivers are natural. They may flood every few years, but they don't do it for the sake of tradition. It's the people who have the traditions. For the Tongva, the river was a traditional source of food and water. The Spanish and Mexican settlers traditionally used ditches to bring the water from the river to irrigate their crops. In Spanish their is a word for the sometimes dry streams that feed the river. They call them Arroyos. English-speakers translate "arroyo" as "wash." The people who came to Los Angeles from the East and Mid-West had different traditions. The only respected the bigger, wetter rivers of their original homes. They drained the river dry until they had to get water from the Owen's Valley, and then they threw there garbage into it. In the downtown area, it had ceased to be a place of beauty long before the Army Corps paved it with concrete.
If the waterway is not officially deemed to be 'navigable,' many of its tributaries could lose important protections.
By Deborah Schoch, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer
June 1, 2008
Over the years, the Los Angeles River has been redrawn, clad in concrete, tainted with chemicals, invaded by countless Hollywood car chases, dismissed as a glorified storm drain.
Now comes the latest slap. The city's river can't even float enough boats to qualify as a full-fledged navigable waterway, according to the Army Corps of Engineers.
River advocates are outraged.
"They're just wrong. That's the simple version of it. We've done kayak trips from the Valley to Long Beach a dozen times in the past 10 years," said poet and writer Lewis MacAdams, founder of Friends of the Los Angeles River.
It doesn't end there. What might seem a minor bureaucratic tweak by the Corps could have a domino effect across the river's 834-square-mile watershed, say worried environmentalists and some federal, state and local officials.
Critics say the draft decision issued by Corps regulators weakens federal water protections for many seasonal streams that feed the river. They say this could translate into more mountain development and more dirty runoff flowing through cities to the Pacific.
"Practically speaking, the March 20 decision would open up a number of tributaries and streams to the argument that the Clean Water Act doesn't apply," said David Beckman, senior attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
But how is the Clean Water Act -- among the strongest federal laws guarding rivers, lakes and streams -- linked to the ability to float a boat down the Los Angeles River?
The answer is cloaked in bureaucracy and court rulings.
A 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision weakened the power of the Clean Water Act to protect certain seasonal streams. Federal regulators who decide whether a stream is protected by the law must first find the closest navigable waterway. Then they have to decide whether the stream has any effect on that waterway.
If it doesn't, landowners may not be required to obtain certain federal permits before building homes, roads or other projects over those seasonal streams. Their plans, however, would still be subject to local zoning laws and building codes.
In a case involving the Los Angeles River, regulators determined that most of it isn't navigable in the first place. So some streams on the edges of its watershed -- most in the mountains and foothills ringing Los Angeles -- may lose some federal protection, critics say.
The local Corps officials who wrote the March 20 draft decision say they strictly followed guidelines developed after the Supreme Court decision.
"When we looked at the L.A. River, we did not find evidence of navigation" beyond the Pacific Coast Highway bridge in Long Beach, two miles north of the ocean, said Aaron Allen, the regulator who wrote the draft decision.
He stressed that the decision does not weaken any federal laws that protect the water in the river, which is fed in part by reclaimed water from sewage treatment plants. He agreed that seasonal streams far up in the watershed, however, could have less protection.
But in the face of critics' concerns, the Corps has withdrawn the navigable river decision pending further study. The results of that review are expected within days.
Col. Thomas Magness, commander of the Corps office that oversees part of the Southwest, emphasized that the Corps is working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on a final decision.
He promised, "it's going to be something we can all understand and defend." He said it was "purely speculative" to conclude that designating the Los Angeles River as nonnavigable would lead to more lax development standards over streams. "I would not begin to throw in the towel and submit to that conclusion."
Any proposal to fill in or build over streams will still be reviewed on a case-by-case basis "on its own merits," he said.
Yet the Los Angeles River case is attracting interest in Washington and elsewhere in part because it's among the first in the nation after the Supreme Court decision.
"The implications of these decisions could be quite large," said David Smith, chief of wetlands regulation at the EPA southwest region, who has met twice with Corps officials while trying to change their decision.
Los Angeles River defenders such as Rep. Henry A. Waxman (D-Los Angeles) and Nancy Sutley, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa's top environmental deputy, have written letters to federal officials, criticizing the river ruling.
"If the Corps of Engineers applies a similar approach to other rivers, protections against water pollution that are now taken for granted could be seriously eroded throughout the nation," Waxman wrote in a letter to the EPA. He said the draft decision could undercut Clean Water Act rules governing waste discharges, dredging, oil spill prevention and water quality standards in much of the Los Angeles River basin.
Meanwhile, local river enthusiasts are rushing to collect photos and videos of friends and relatives paddling on the river in canoes and kayaks.
Their goal is to prove that yes, indeed, just like the Mississippi and the Potomac, Los Angeles' river is worthy of navigation -- maybe not by cargo ships, but at least by canoes.
Web of tributaries
The drama got its start not on the river but in a far-flung web of tributaries in the Santa Susana Mountains north of Chatsworth.
There, rancher Wayne Fishback hoped to fill some seemingly dry stream beds to build a road and prevent erosion on his sweeping mountain property above Brown Canyon Wash, a tributary of the Los Angeles River. He asked for guidance from the Corps of Engineers, which regulates parts of the Clean Water Act.
Fishback's request landed on the desk of Aaron Allen, chief of the Corps' North Coast office in Ventura, who holds a UCLA doctorate in fluvial geomorphology, or how streams shape the land.
Ten years ago, Allen's job would have been easier. In those days, federal clean-water laws typically covered the seasonal streams, marshes and pools common in the arid West.
All that changed with the 2006 Supreme Court decision in which Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the Clean Water Act would apply to a water body if it had a "significant nexus" with "traditional navigable waters."
So Allen's review ballooned into a full-scale review of the Los Angeles River. He concluded that only 1.75 miles of the river upstream from the ocean is navigable.
The remaining 49-mile stretch -- which cuts north through southern Los Angeles County and then west into the San Fernando Valley -- did not meet the legal test of being navigable, he wrote.
"Presently, the occasional use of kayaks and/or canoes on other reaches of the river are sporadic and do not support any associated commerce," Allen wrote in the March 20 memorandum. Nor could he find evidence of historical navigation.
"Finally, the capacity to provide navigation at some point in the future is highly doubtful given the river's configuration, hydrology and fundamental use as a flood control channel."
Memo leaked
For Fishback, that was good news: His land lies so far upstream from the PCH bridge that he probably can fill four of his streams without navigating the time-consuming permit process.
But when the Corps memorandum was leaked to river advocates in April, the uproar ensued.
George Wolfe, a Venice-based kayaker who founded the satire website www.lalatimes.com, helped create a video last year featuring him commuting by kayak on the river in a business suit.
"As a boater with some 30-plus years of boating I can honestly say that it's a perfectly navigable river," he said in a letter submitted to the Corps along with the video.
Some local officials are urging the Corps to conduct its review in public.
"My agency wasn't consulted, wasn't made aware of it," said Tracy Egoscue, executive officer of the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, who learned about the decision from the EPA and criticized the lack of citizen input.
Magness said the Corps invested countless hours in the decision and conferred with other federal, state and local officials. "By no means have we done anything without public involvement."
But for Egoscue and others, the designation reaches beyond the thicket of environmental bureaucracy.
Egoscue characterizes the Corps' decision as showing "a fundamental lack of understanding and respect for the resource to come in and make a decision without citizen involvement."
"It's not just about the law and the permits this board writes," she said. "It's about the perception of the river. . . . The Los Angeles River is our Potomac."
deborah.schoch@latimes.com
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers confirms non-navigable status for most of L.A. River
The ruling sparks sharp warnings that it will weaken federal Clean Water Act rules protecting the river's sprawling 834-acre watershed.
By Deborah Schoch, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer
June 5, 2008
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers officials announced today that they are standing by their decision that most of the Los Angeles River is not navigable.
The ruling sparked sharp criticism from some other regulators and conservationists who warned that it will weaken federal Clean Water Act rules protecting the river's sprawling 834-acre watershed.
* Is the L.A. River up a creek?
Is the L.A. River up a creek?
FOR THE RECORD:
This article and the headline state that the river's watershed covers 834 acres. The watershed covers 834 square miles.
They believe the ripple effect of the decision will make is easier to develop large areas of the Santa Susana, Santa Monica and San Gabriel mountains because landowners will not be required to obtain certain federal permits. Some federal and state officials fear that the decision also may undermine rules against discharging wastewater and storm water into the river's tributaries.
Corps officials said that they will continue enforcing the Clean Water Act as usual along the river.
"This decision does not in any way lessen the protections on the L.A. River itself," said Col. Thomas H. Magness IV, who oversees the Southwest regional office.
The Corps review of the largely concrete-lined urban river has been attracting national attention, since it is among the first to test the scope of a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that weakened protection of certain seasonal streams of the sort common in Southern California and the arid West.
Some landowners have questioned whether altering or building on those streams should require federal permits because the streambeds may only contain water a few weeks or months annually.
The 2006 ruling linked such Clean Water Act protections to the closeness of such streams to "traditional navigable waters." The streams would have to have a direct effect on water quality in a navigable waterway to be protected, the ruling said.
The Corps made one change to its draft decision by adding as navigable the two miles of the Sepulveda Basin in the San Fernando Valley to the 1.75 miles of river between the ocean and the Pacific Coast Highway bridge in Long Beach. Adding the Sepulveda basin section of the river will extend protection to upstream tributaries, Corps official said, but they did not identify the specific streams.
Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Los Angeles) said in a statement: "I am disappointed with the Corps' draft determination, and urge EPA to ensure the entire L.A. river basin remains protected by the Clean Water Act."
deborah.schoch@latimes.com
It all started when Wayne Fishback thought he'd like to buy some land in the Santa Susanna Mountains for a horse and cattle ranch. Streams in the Santa Susanna Mountain drain to the L.A. River, so Fishback wanted to see whether the streams fell under the Clean Water Act. A 2006 ruling limited the Act's protection to streams that have a direct effect on water quality in a navigable waterway. Now the Army Corps has declared the L.A. River not to be navigable except for a few miles in Sepulveda Basin and near the ocean in Long Beach. Although there have been a few kayak trips down the length of the river sponsored by the river's friends, I personally don't think of it as being navigable. Why should that matter?
I object to the idea that a river can be, or fail to be, traditional. Rivers are natural. They may flood every few years, but they don't do it for the sake of tradition. It's the people who have the traditions. For the Tongva, the river was a traditional source of food and water. The Spanish and Mexican settlers traditionally used ditches to bring the water from the river to irrigate their crops. In Spanish their is a word for the sometimes dry streams that feed the river. They call them Arroyos. English-speakers translate "arroyo" as "wash." The people who came to Los Angeles from the East and Mid-West had different traditions. The only respected the bigger, wetter rivers of their original homes. They drained the river dry until they had to get water from the Owen's Valley, and then they threw there garbage into it. In the downtown area, it had ceased to be a place of beauty long before the Army Corps paved it with concrete.
If the waterway is not officially deemed to be 'navigable,' many of its tributaries could lose important protections.
By Deborah Schoch, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer
June 1, 2008
Over the years, the Los Angeles River has been redrawn, clad in concrete, tainted with chemicals, invaded by countless Hollywood car chases, dismissed as a glorified storm drain.
Now comes the latest slap. The city's river can't even float enough boats to qualify as a full-fledged navigable waterway, according to the Army Corps of Engineers.
River advocates are outraged.
"They're just wrong. That's the simple version of it. We've done kayak trips from the Valley to Long Beach a dozen times in the past 10 years," said poet and writer Lewis MacAdams, founder of Friends of the Los Angeles River.
It doesn't end there. What might seem a minor bureaucratic tweak by the Corps could have a domino effect across the river's 834-square-mile watershed, say worried environmentalists and some federal, state and local officials.
Critics say the draft decision issued by Corps regulators weakens federal water protections for many seasonal streams that feed the river. They say this could translate into more mountain development and more dirty runoff flowing through cities to the Pacific.
"Practically speaking, the March 20 decision would open up a number of tributaries and streams to the argument that the Clean Water Act doesn't apply," said David Beckman, senior attorney at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
But how is the Clean Water Act -- among the strongest federal laws guarding rivers, lakes and streams -- linked to the ability to float a boat down the Los Angeles River?
The answer is cloaked in bureaucracy and court rulings.
A 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision weakened the power of the Clean Water Act to protect certain seasonal streams. Federal regulators who decide whether a stream is protected by the law must first find the closest navigable waterway. Then they have to decide whether the stream has any effect on that waterway.
If it doesn't, landowners may not be required to obtain certain federal permits before building homes, roads or other projects over those seasonal streams. Their plans, however, would still be subject to local zoning laws and building codes.
In a case involving the Los Angeles River, regulators determined that most of it isn't navigable in the first place. So some streams on the edges of its watershed -- most in the mountains and foothills ringing Los Angeles -- may lose some federal protection, critics say.
The local Corps officials who wrote the March 20 draft decision say they strictly followed guidelines developed after the Supreme Court decision.
"When we looked at the L.A. River, we did not find evidence of navigation" beyond the Pacific Coast Highway bridge in Long Beach, two miles north of the ocean, said Aaron Allen, the regulator who wrote the draft decision.
He stressed that the decision does not weaken any federal laws that protect the water in the river, which is fed in part by reclaimed water from sewage treatment plants. He agreed that seasonal streams far up in the watershed, however, could have less protection.
But in the face of critics' concerns, the Corps has withdrawn the navigable river decision pending further study. The results of that review are expected within days.
Col. Thomas Magness, commander of the Corps office that oversees part of the Southwest, emphasized that the Corps is working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on a final decision.
He promised, "it's going to be something we can all understand and defend." He said it was "purely speculative" to conclude that designating the Los Angeles River as nonnavigable would lead to more lax development standards over streams. "I would not begin to throw in the towel and submit to that conclusion."
Any proposal to fill in or build over streams will still be reviewed on a case-by-case basis "on its own merits," he said.
Yet the Los Angeles River case is attracting interest in Washington and elsewhere in part because it's among the first in the nation after the Supreme Court decision.
"The implications of these decisions could be quite large," said David Smith, chief of wetlands regulation at the EPA southwest region, who has met twice with Corps officials while trying to change their decision.
Los Angeles River defenders such as Rep. Henry A. Waxman (D-Los Angeles) and Nancy Sutley, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa's top environmental deputy, have written letters to federal officials, criticizing the river ruling.
"If the Corps of Engineers applies a similar approach to other rivers, protections against water pollution that are now taken for granted could be seriously eroded throughout the nation," Waxman wrote in a letter to the EPA. He said the draft decision could undercut Clean Water Act rules governing waste discharges, dredging, oil spill prevention and water quality standards in much of the Los Angeles River basin.
Meanwhile, local river enthusiasts are rushing to collect photos and videos of friends and relatives paddling on the river in canoes and kayaks.
Their goal is to prove that yes, indeed, just like the Mississippi and the Potomac, Los Angeles' river is worthy of navigation -- maybe not by cargo ships, but at least by canoes.
Web of tributaries
The drama got its start not on the river but in a far-flung web of tributaries in the Santa Susana Mountains north of Chatsworth.
There, rancher Wayne Fishback hoped to fill some seemingly dry stream beds to build a road and prevent erosion on his sweeping mountain property above Brown Canyon Wash, a tributary of the Los Angeles River. He asked for guidance from the Corps of Engineers, which regulates parts of the Clean Water Act.
Fishback's request landed on the desk of Aaron Allen, chief of the Corps' North Coast office in Ventura, who holds a UCLA doctorate in fluvial geomorphology, or how streams shape the land.
Ten years ago, Allen's job would have been easier. In those days, federal clean-water laws typically covered the seasonal streams, marshes and pools common in the arid West.
All that changed with the 2006 Supreme Court decision in which Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the Clean Water Act would apply to a water body if it had a "significant nexus" with "traditional navigable waters."
So Allen's review ballooned into a full-scale review of the Los Angeles River. He concluded that only 1.75 miles of the river upstream from the ocean is navigable.
The remaining 49-mile stretch -- which cuts north through southern Los Angeles County and then west into the San Fernando Valley -- did not meet the legal test of being navigable, he wrote.
"Presently, the occasional use of kayaks and/or canoes on other reaches of the river are sporadic and do not support any associated commerce," Allen wrote in the March 20 memorandum. Nor could he find evidence of historical navigation.
"Finally, the capacity to provide navigation at some point in the future is highly doubtful given the river's configuration, hydrology and fundamental use as a flood control channel."
Memo leaked
For Fishback, that was good news: His land lies so far upstream from the PCH bridge that he probably can fill four of his streams without navigating the time-consuming permit process.
But when the Corps memorandum was leaked to river advocates in April, the uproar ensued.
George Wolfe, a Venice-based kayaker who founded the satire website www.lalatimes.com, helped create a video last year featuring him commuting by kayak on the river in a business suit.
"As a boater with some 30-plus years of boating I can honestly say that it's a perfectly navigable river," he said in a letter submitted to the Corps along with the video.
Some local officials are urging the Corps to conduct its review in public.
"My agency wasn't consulted, wasn't made aware of it," said Tracy Egoscue, executive officer of the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, who learned about the decision from the EPA and criticized the lack of citizen input.
Magness said the Corps invested countless hours in the decision and conferred with other federal, state and local officials. "By no means have we done anything without public involvement."
But for Egoscue and others, the designation reaches beyond the thicket of environmental bureaucracy.
Egoscue characterizes the Corps' decision as showing "a fundamental lack of understanding and respect for the resource to come in and make a decision without citizen involvement."
"It's not just about the law and the permits this board writes," she said. "It's about the perception of the river. . . . The Los Angeles River is our Potomac."
deborah.schoch@latimes.com
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers confirms non-navigable status for most of L.A. River
The ruling sparks sharp warnings that it will weaken federal Clean Water Act rules protecting the river's sprawling 834-acre watershed.
By Deborah Schoch, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer
June 5, 2008
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers officials announced today that they are standing by their decision that most of the Los Angeles River is not navigable.
The ruling sparked sharp criticism from some other regulators and conservationists who warned that it will weaken federal Clean Water Act rules protecting the river's sprawling 834-acre watershed.
* Is the L.A. River up a creek?
Is the L.A. River up a creek?
FOR THE RECORD:
This article and the headline state that the river's watershed covers 834 acres. The watershed covers 834 square miles.
They believe the ripple effect of the decision will make is easier to develop large areas of the Santa Susana, Santa Monica and San Gabriel mountains because landowners will not be required to obtain certain federal permits. Some federal and state officials fear that the decision also may undermine rules against discharging wastewater and storm water into the river's tributaries.
Corps officials said that they will continue enforcing the Clean Water Act as usual along the river.
"This decision does not in any way lessen the protections on the L.A. River itself," said Col. Thomas H. Magness IV, who oversees the Southwest regional office.
The Corps review of the largely concrete-lined urban river has been attracting national attention, since it is among the first to test the scope of a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that weakened protection of certain seasonal streams of the sort common in Southern California and the arid West.
Some landowners have questioned whether altering or building on those streams should require federal permits because the streambeds may only contain water a few weeks or months annually.
The 2006 ruling linked such Clean Water Act protections to the closeness of such streams to "traditional navigable waters." The streams would have to have a direct effect on water quality in a navigable waterway to be protected, the ruling said.
The Corps made one change to its draft decision by adding as navigable the two miles of the Sepulveda Basin in the San Fernando Valley to the 1.75 miles of river between the ocean and the Pacific Coast Highway bridge in Long Beach. Adding the Sepulveda basin section of the river will extend protection to upstream tributaries, Corps official said, but they did not identify the specific streams.
Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Los Angeles) said in a statement: "I am disappointed with the Corps' draft determination, and urge EPA to ensure the entire L.A. river basin remains protected by the Clean Water Act."
deborah.schoch@latimes.com