Science Study Guide for Final Exam - Public View
this is for everyone at my school who has to take this test, and for myself, the information is from the science book and the test is on May 10th, GL
Chapter 1
Newton’s Laws
1. An object at rest or an object at motion remains until acted upon by a force.
2. Force = Mass × Acceleration
3. For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
What they mean and examples…
1. the objects stays how it is until someone or something makes it move or stops it (push, pull, gravity) Exp: soccer ball sitting on ground, you kick it causing it to move
2. force of the object = mass of it times the acceleration
3. self-explanatory.. Exp: if you push on the wall at the same time the wall pushes back
Chapter 2
reverse fault - when rock above fault surface moves upward
strike-slip fault - when fault goes directly opposite in horizontal directions
normal fault - a fault which hanging wall appears to have slipped down
Forces ->
reverse ~ mountains… exp: Himalayas
strike-slip ~ shearing causes more cracks (faults)… exp: San Andreas Fault
normal ~ mountains… exp: Sierra Nevada
Chapter 3
shield volcano - thin, runny magma
cindercone volcano - ash cinderbomb lava, slightly cooled
compositecone volcano - thick cinder switch, chunks of ashes, hard
Chapter 4
(all energy measured in joules)
elastic potential energy - the limit of elastic stored energy ~ result of stretching or compressing
kinetic energy - energy of motion
potential energy - stored energy
thermal energy - warm, stored energy (comes off as warmth)
gravitational potential energy - when energy is stored when work lifts an object against force or gravity
(know about Mouse Trap cars and why we did the experiment)
Chapter 5 Simple Machines
1. pulley
2. wheel and axle
3. screw
4. wedge
5. inclined plane
6. lever
Chapter 6
thermal equilibrium - when 2 objects come in contact with each other and have the same temperature
conduction - heat moving through a matter or from one material to another
-> objects must be in physical contact for conduction to take place
convection - heat transferred by motion or heat carrying a medium (air, water)
-> warm air rises, cold air sinks - convection currents
radiation - transfer or thermal energy across space
-> heat from sun/light bulb
Chapter 9
metal - luster, malleable, ductile
nonmetal - opposite of metals (usually air type materials and liquids)
metalloid - not metal or nonmetal but has characteristics of both
Chapter 11
igneous - most abundant rock, form from liquid rock, intrusive - cooled in surface (bigger crystals, longer to cool)… extrusive - cooled on top of crust (smaller crystals, cools quicker) exp: granite, gabbro
sedimentary - formed from sediments by pressure, heat or chemical means… exp: sandstone, shale
metamorphic - heat, pressure, and chemical change, was either sedimentary or igneous first… exp: mica, hornblende
ROCK CYCLE GOES HERE
Chapter 12
longshore current - flow of ocean water that’s parallel to shore line
pollution - unwanted or harmful materials or effects in environment
Pollution
1. oil spills, 2. insecticides/herbicides, 3. crop fertilizers, 4. human sewage/industrial waste, 5. trash/littering, 6. cars/fumes, 7. runoff/stormdrains <- how it gets there
Chapter 17 Plants and Animal Cell Parts
cell wall - keeps shape (only in plants)
chloroplasts/chlorophyll - give green pigment to make their own food (plants only)
mitochondria - power plant of cell, takes food and turns into energy, has own DNA, and produces respiration
chromosomes - thread-like structures made of proteins and DNA, carry genetic information during mitosis
cell membrane - outer part of cell, responsible for letting things in and out of cell
nucleus - command center of cell (brain-like organelle)
vacuole - stores water, food and nutrients, also is responsible for outlet of waste
cytoplasm - gel-like material to keep organelles generally in the same location
Chapter 19
Levels of Organization
cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Chapter 1
Newton’s Laws
1. An object at rest or an object at motion remains until acted upon by a force.
2. Force = Mass × Acceleration
3. For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
What they mean and examples…
1. the objects stays how it is until someone or something makes it move or stops it (push, pull, gravity) Exp: soccer ball sitting on ground, you kick it causing it to move
2. force of the object = mass of it times the acceleration
3. self-explanatory.. Exp: if you push on the wall at the same time the wall pushes back
Chapter 2
reverse fault - when rock above fault surface moves upward
strike-slip fault - when fault goes directly opposite in horizontal directions
normal fault - a fault which hanging wall appears to have slipped down
Forces ->
reverse ~ mountains… exp: Himalayas
strike-slip ~ shearing causes more cracks (faults)… exp: San Andreas Fault
normal ~ mountains… exp: Sierra Nevada
Chapter 3
shield volcano - thin, runny magma
cindercone volcano - ash cinderbomb lava, slightly cooled
compositecone volcano - thick cinder switch, chunks of ashes, hard
Chapter 4
(all energy measured in joules)
elastic potential energy - the limit of elastic stored energy ~ result of stretching or compressing
kinetic energy - energy of motion
potential energy - stored energy
thermal energy - warm, stored energy (comes off as warmth)
gravitational potential energy - when energy is stored when work lifts an object against force or gravity
(know about Mouse Trap cars and why we did the experiment)
Chapter 5 Simple Machines
1. pulley
2. wheel and axle
3. screw
4. wedge
5. inclined plane
6. lever
Chapter 6
thermal equilibrium - when 2 objects come in contact with each other and have the same temperature
conduction - heat moving through a matter or from one material to another
-> objects must be in physical contact for conduction to take place
convection - heat transferred by motion or heat carrying a medium (air, water)
-> warm air rises, cold air sinks - convection currents
radiation - transfer or thermal energy across space
-> heat from sun/light bulb
Chapter 9
metal - luster, malleable, ductile
nonmetal - opposite of metals (usually air type materials and liquids)
metalloid - not metal or nonmetal but has characteristics of both
Chapter 11
igneous - most abundant rock, form from liquid rock, intrusive - cooled in surface (bigger crystals, longer to cool)… extrusive - cooled on top of crust (smaller crystals, cools quicker) exp: granite, gabbro
sedimentary - formed from sediments by pressure, heat or chemical means… exp: sandstone, shale
metamorphic - heat, pressure, and chemical change, was either sedimentary or igneous first… exp: mica, hornblende
ROCK CYCLE GOES HERE
Chapter 12
longshore current - flow of ocean water that’s parallel to shore line
pollution - unwanted or harmful materials or effects in environment
Pollution
1. oil spills, 2. insecticides/herbicides, 3. crop fertilizers, 4. human sewage/industrial waste, 5. trash/littering, 6. cars/fumes, 7. runoff/stormdrains <- how it gets there
Chapter 17 Plants and Animal Cell Parts
cell wall - keeps shape (only in plants)
chloroplasts/chlorophyll - give green pigment to make their own food (plants only)
mitochondria - power plant of cell, takes food and turns into energy, has own DNA, and produces respiration
chromosomes - thread-like structures made of proteins and DNA, carry genetic information during mitosis
cell membrane - outer part of cell, responsible for letting things in and out of cell
nucleus - command center of cell (brain-like organelle)
vacuole - stores water, food and nutrients, also is responsible for outlet of waste
cytoplasm - gel-like material to keep organelles generally in the same location
Chapter 19
Levels of Organization
cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism