На память: голод в Финляндии (1866-1868 гг.)
An examination of the mortality statistics of the 1860s shows that deaths related to the famine resulted from various diseases, such as typhus, dysentery, and pulmonary tuberculosis, as shown in table … According to these figures, “starvation” caused only two thousand to four thousand deaths during the famine, while an additional ten thousand to twelve thousand, mainly children, died of “unknown” causes. In other words, this data does not expose malnutrition as a major cause of death. On the contrary, the principal culprit is the mysterious disease called “typhus,” which had no clear definition. There were three variants of this fever: typhus abdominalis or typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever; typhus exanthematicus; and epidemic louse-borne typhus. Medical officers rarely attempted to distinguish between these variants, because their symptoms were so similar. In 1868, the peak year of mortality, typhus accounted for 43 percent and dysentery for 6 percent of the total mortality among Lutherans. These two diseases were responsible for more than half of all excess deaths, which were estimated at 132,000 during the three famine years of 1866 through 1868.
Total Number of Deaths and Deaths Due to Selected Causes in Finland between 1862 and 1870 According to the Population Change Tables (Lutheran Parishes)
Year
Total
“Typhus”
Dysentery
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Smallpox
Measles
Whooping cough
1862
48,639
1,437
878
4,660
302
2,439
3,546
1863
51,556
1,574
1,771
4,594
307
4,179
7,439
1864
39,914
2,038
728
4,460
321
852
2,190
1865
45,743
3,747
835
4,788
3,033
1,215
1,945
1866
61,894
14,151
1,299
5,253
4,264
1,327
2,933
1867
69,774
21,026
1,038
5,895
3,103
808
3,497
1868
137,720
59,582
7,855
8,048
4,159
2,322
3,494
1869
42.474
7,471
848
4,674
712
727
1,562
1870
31,071
2,819
615
6,758
205
172
1,474
Source: Karl Pitkanen, Deprivation and Disease: Mortality during the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s (Helsinki: Finnish Demographic Society, 1993), 70.
Total Number of Deaths and Deaths Due to Selected Causes in Finland between 1862 and 1870 According to the Population Change Tables (Lutheran Parishes)
Year
Total
“Typhus”
Dysentery
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Smallpox
Measles
Whooping cough
1862
48,639
1,437
878
4,660
302
2,439
3,546
1863
51,556
1,574
1,771
4,594
307
4,179
7,439
1864
39,914
2,038
728
4,460
321
852
2,190
1865
45,743
3,747
835
4,788
3,033
1,215
1,945
1866
61,894
14,151
1,299
5,253
4,264
1,327
2,933
1867
69,774
21,026
1,038
5,895
3,103
808
3,497
1868
137,720
59,582
7,855
8,048
4,159
2,322
3,494
1869
42.474
7,471
848
4,674
712
727
1,562
1870
31,071
2,819
615
6,758
205
172
1,474
Source: Karl Pitkanen, Deprivation and Disease: Mortality during the Great Finnish Famine of the 1860s (Helsinki: Finnish Demographic Society, 1993), 70.