Улита едет
А.Нечаев, 10 ноября 2011 г.:
«...в какой-то момент валютные резервы составляли 26 млн долларов, при внешнем долге 123,8 млрд долларов»:
http://lectures.gaidarfund.ru/articles/1146/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEzn9GQyvss&t=20m34s
rusanalit, 3 декабря 2011 г.:
«Итого долг СССР на 01.01.1992: 85 млрд. долларов»:
https://web.archive.org/web/ ( Read more... )
"Однако вы сами признали, что новые задачи требовали новых людей. И как недавно вспоминал один из "прорабов перестройки", после вашего ареста они обнаружили, что казна абсолютно пуста.
- Я и не такое слышал. Гайдар вспоминал, что, как только он стал премьером, то узнал, что, продовольствия в стране осталось лишь на два дня, и тогда новое правительство, трудясь, словно Корчагины, героическими усилиями спасли страну от неминуемой гибели. Извините, но либо сам он ничего не понимает, либо других считает олухами. Потому что за два дня завезти в опустошенную страну продовольствия в достаточном количестве невозможно, и на третий день должен был начаться голод.
Что же касается золотовалютных запасов, то это опять ложь. Когда меня арестовали, то в сейфе у меня лежала справка, согласно которой только в центральном хранилище Гохрана лежало 180 тонн золота и на 30 миллиардов долларов алмазов и бриллиантов. А долги наши в то время составляли 32 миллиарда 100 миллионов долларов. Причем, в 1991 году в счет долга мы должны были заплатить 6,2 миллиарда, а в следующем - 3,6 миллиарда долларов. Как выглядит ситуация с внешней задолженностью сегодня, вам известно. Зато около триллиона долларов лежит на счетах наших граждан в зарубежных банках. Думаю, промышленный подъем на Западе в последние годы в не немалой степени обусловлен тем, что мы по сути прокредитовали его своими деньгами, вбросили за бесценок массу новых технологий и дали Западу своих специалистов.
- Сразу после вашего ареста начало разыгрываться шоу под названием "Золото партии". И хотя следов его за границей не нашли, именно под аккомпанемент поисков тайных вкладов начался активный вывоз капитала. Система, которую вы олицетворяли, не позволяла активно развернуть этот процесс, поэтому вас и ваших товарищей должны были устранить независимо от того, выступили бы вы в августе или нет.
- Объективно мы мешали, конечно, растаскивать страну и, скорее всего, вы правы: нас бы все равно убрали. Но тогда мы об этом не думали, нами двигали другие мотивы. Но активный вывоз капитала действительно начался после нашего устранения. Смотрите сами, в четвертом квартале 1991 года задолженность страны в рамках СЭВ неожиданно удвоилась. В чем причина? Говорят, это результат неоплаченных поставок. Да полноте! Такое количество товаров физически не могла пропустить железная дорога. Помимо этого невозможно себе представить, что где-то в Венгрии, Польше или Болгарии склады были забиты запасами, которые вдруг двинулись в нашу страну. Понятно, что в основе задолженностей лежали липовые контракты. Потом СЭВ в пожарном порядке ликвидировали, причем, никто не мог понять причину спешки, а долги Советского Союза перешли на Россию. Подобные схемы осуществлялись и с другими странами. И теперь по долгам, которые были созданы для личного обогащения, платит государство.
Опробовать разные схемы ловкие люди пытались и до августа 1991 года, но мы старались им противостоять."
http://www.voskres.ru/interview/pavlov.htm
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Man in the shadows: USSR Politburo member Oleg Shenin.
Hidden assets of the Soviet Communist Party.
By Vladimir Kvint and Natalia Darialova 28 October 1991
Forbes Magazine
THE SOVIET UNION announced late last month that
it has only $3 billion in gold reserves. Westerners were
stunned. What happened to all those tens of billions of
dollars’ worth of gold the CIA and other analysts had
assumed existed in Soviet vaults?
The standard answer is that the Soviets spent it, especially
after their oil revenues dropped. We think the standard
answer is incorrect. Not all the Soviet gold was spent. A
lot of it remains, but in private names and in private bank
accounts.
I (V.K.) worked in the Soviet gold and silver industry for
many years. Knowing how the metals are produced and
where they go, I estimate that at least 60 tons of god, 8
tons of Norilsk platinum and not less than 150 tons of
silver were hidden abroad at the order of the Communist
Party. We’re not talking about peanuts.
This is without counting diamonds of more than 10 carats,
which the U.S.S.R. has been mining but hasn’t been selling
in the world markets for over 45 years. In theory they were
held at the “Third Department” of the U.S.S.R.’s Ministry
of Finance, known under the name “Gokhran” (State
Guard). In practice the Communist Party and the Central
Committee functionaries could and did help themselves to
these diamonds.
By our estimates, between $15 billion and $50 billion of
Communist Party money sits, like the lost treasures at the
bottom of the ocean, in the safes of Western banks.
So the Soviet Union is not as broke as it pretends. As with
a lot of Latin American countries, what should be its
reserves instead sit in private hands in foreign banks.
Further, we think this buried capital was a factor in
the unsuccessful coup against Gorbachev on Aug. 19.
According to the official account, the leader of the coup
was Vice President Gennady Yanayev. But in spite of his
cunning, he is a rather shallow man, overly fond of vodka.
He couldn’t conspire his way out of a paper bag.
Then who was the real ringleader? His name is Oleg
Shenin, 54, a member of the Politburo. Shenin’s name
has not yet been publicly linked to the coup, but he was
arrested in Moscow soon after the coup failed and is now
behind bars.
I have known both Yanayev and Shenin for 20 years.
Unlike Yanayev, Shenin is razor-sharp and persistent
in reaching his goals. As secretary of the Central
Committee, he controlled at least $15 billion worth of
secret Communist Party deposits in Western, mainly Swiss,
banks.
Always a man in the shadows, shenin was in charge of the
country’s two most powerful institutions: the KGB and the
army. He is man who believed that arrows from the dark
hit better. So he preferred anonymity even though both
the former KGB chairman, Vladimir Kryuchkov, and the
former defense minister, Dmitri Yazov, reported to him.
Equally important, Shenin controlled the Communist
Party’s money. He was to the Communist Party what
Martin Bormann was to Hitler’s National Socialists.
One other man had a hand on the purse strings. He was
a party functionary named Nickolai Kruchina. Since
1983 Kruchina ran the Upravlenie Delami-the Business
Management Headquarters. That organization controlled
billions of dollars’ worth of the party’s money, mostly in
publishing houses, real estate and cash.
Where is Kruchina now? In a better world. Four days after
the coup and after the frantic flights between Moscow and
the Crimea, Kruchina made his last flight-out of the
fifth-floor window of his apartment. Did he jump? Or was
he shoved? It’s not clear. What is clear is that he knew too
much for his own good. So now only the jailed Shenin-
and perhaps Gorbachev-knows where the money is.
It boils down to this: The Communist Party’s head is
dead, but its body still lives.
It is one of the world’s biggest financial corporations.
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years the party has ignored any distinction between its own and the state’s pockets.
In 1991 the Law on Property was adopted in the U.S.S.R.,
ending the state’s monopoly on property. That should help
Boris Yeltsin and others who have been demanding that
the party hand over its assets to the republics. Seeing this
coming, since 1989 the big-time party players have been
illegally transferring money abroad.
Of course, not all of the gold stolen by the party is abroad.
Much of it is at home. Like any gangster, the Communist
gangsters now face the problem of laundering their illegal
domestic wealth.
One of my clients, a very large American multinational
corporation, recently had a taste of this. It was approached
by a Soviet man who claimed he was a president of a large
new concern. He had a reference letter from Gorbachev’s
closest party friend. I soon discovered that the alleged
Soviet company was not registered as a company and
didn’t have the right to participate in foreign economic
activity. However, the letter from Gorbachev’s friend
meant the party was involved. Party members were
trying to launder assets by creating a joint venture with
a legitimate foreign company. A similar unregistered
concern, blessed by the Soviet state bank, tried to sell, a
U.S. company several billion rubles for dollars at a price
lower than the official rate.
Some of this laundering has already been exposed. When
Germany was uniting, the German communist party
started moving its valuable new currency outside the
country. (West German marks and East German marks
were made equal.) This money was invested in businesses,
often through joint ventures. One of them was revealed in
a Russian newspaper. Putnic, an office-construction firm,
was a joint venture between the Soviets and a Cyprus
holding company. Where did the Cyprus partner’s capital
come from? Answer: from those East German party hacks
bearing valuable Deutsche marks.
One Japanese pharmaceutical company won enormous
privileges in the U.S.S.R. I learned why: The company
helps finance the Japanese Communist Party.
All this activity was directed by Oleg Shenin.
Before the coup one of the U.S.S.R. government’s
newspapers published memoirs of a Soviet spy family. As
part of its cover, the family owned companies in the U.S.
and in Western Europe. Where did the initial capital for
the companies come from? From the KGB. I am sure that
this is just one piece of a huge financial iceberg the KGB
had built in the West under the wise leadership of the
Communist Party, and of the party’s KGB overseer, Oleg
Shenin.
Foreigners doing business in the former U.S.S.R. should
be careful about prospective partners, who may be fronts
for old party interests or who actually may have stolen
money rightfully belonging to the Soviet state or one
of the former republics. Komsomol, the party’s youth
branch, is now officially dissolved, but before it went, a
lot of its assets leaked out. For instance, it invested 250
million rubles in in a new bank, Finist. Now Komsomol
is abolished. Who will be getting the interest on the
investment? Interesting question.
The new governments, especially Yeltsin’s in Russia, are
going after this stolen-or misplaced-money. Last year
the Communist Party tried to transfer one of its central
Moscow buildings to a Soviet-Swiss joint venture called
Link. Its principals on the Soviet side included people
connected with the party. Then the democratic Moscow
City Council threatened such joint ventures with criminal
investigation, and the planned property transfer probably
never materialized.
But the main problem is finding out where the
treasure abroad is hidden. The Moscow Association of
Businessmen has announced rewards for information
about the whereabouts of the party’s assets. Russia’s chief
prosecutor has started an investigation. Some big scandals
are yet to make headlines.
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country is being transferred to local authorities. Local
governments have already taken control of more than
4,000 party publishing and printing houses, 40 of them
being among the world’s biggest. Many of them will
soon be used to form joint ventures with major foreign
publishing conglomerates.
Boris Yeltsin and the Russian parliament have asked the
Swiss government to freeze the party’s money in Swiss
banks. Standing on principle, the Swiss authorities have
asked for more information. Perhaps they want proof of
the party’s criminal activity. The Swiss government hasn’t
yet asked its banks to freeze any funds, but Swiss bankers
are keeping an eye out for large transfers.
Other foreign governments have received similar requests
from the Yeltsin government.
The world now knows Communist rule in Russia was
corrupt and its socialism utterly unworkable. But the world
doesn’t yet know how utterly corrupt and rotten it was.
Vladimir Kvint in Distinguished Lecturer at Fordham
University and Babson College. Natalia Darialova is a
writer whose book, No Man’s Land, was a bestseller in the
Soviet Union.
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Кстати, в этой связи к Андрею Николаевичу есть предложение о пополнении списка мифов о Гайдаре:
- о том, что все слова всех высокопоставленных чиновников СССР были неправдой
Такой миф существует и активно создавался именно Гайдаром и командой.
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Но для понимания вилки значений (развилки?), наверное, стоит, учитывать все.
Около 80 млрд от Уринсона это тютелька в тютельку средняя между 32,1 от Павлова и 123,8 от Нечаева. Вот такие ухмылки арифметики.
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