Индустриализация, рождаемость и breadwinner ideal
За 19 век население Англии выросло в 4 раза. Принято считать, что демографический взрыв был вызван прогрессом в медицине и резким снижением смертности. Но, судя по статистике, по крайней мере до последней четверти 19 века основным фактором роста населения было увеличение рождаемости, а не снижение смертности. Вероятно, это было связано с появлением большого числа рабочих мест для женщин и детей в результате развития промышленности. С принятием законов, ограничивавших использование детского и женского труда (1833, 1842 и последующие, а также принудительное школьное обучение с 1880), рождаемость пошла вниз. Но там и смертность начала стремительно уменьшаться (еще одна важная дата - 1875, всеобщая принудительная вакцинация детей от оспы).
отсюда http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001268297.pdf
Female employment in the 1850s, 60s and 70s appears to have been higher than any recorded again until after World War II. Family budget evidence suggests that around 30-40 per cent of women from working class families contributed significantly to household incomes in the mid-Victorian years. This might have been even higher during the industrial revolution decades, before the rise of State and trade union policies regulating female labour and promoting the male breadwinner ideal. <...> Supervisory roles were almost exclusively taken by men, and men also came to operate the most expensive and sophisticated machinery and to monopolise the high status and higher paid jobs even in textiles.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/womens_work_01.shtml
отсюда http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001268297.pdf
Female employment in the 1850s, 60s and 70s appears to have been higher than any recorded again until after World War II. Family budget evidence suggests that around 30-40 per cent of women from working class families contributed significantly to household incomes in the mid-Victorian years. This might have been even higher during the industrial revolution decades, before the rise of State and trade union policies regulating female labour and promoting the male breadwinner ideal. <...> Supervisory roles were almost exclusively taken by men, and men also came to operate the most expensive and sophisticated machinery and to monopolise the high status and higher paid jobs even in textiles.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/womens_work_01.shtml